ESTADO ACTUAL DE LA AFERESIS DE LIPOPROTEINAS DE BAJA DENSIDAD.

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Existen evidencias científicas y clínicas de que la aféresis de LDL puede prevenir las complicaciones isquémicas en enfermedades del metabolismo lipídico determinadas genéticamente.
Autor:
Claudio Stefanutti
Columnista Experto de SIIC
Artículos publicados por Claudio Stefanutti
Recepción del artículo
24 de Mayo, 2002
Primera edición
3 de Julio, 2002
Segunda edición, ampliada y corregida
7 de Junio, 2021

Resumen
En el transcurso de su evolución tecnológica en los últimos 20 años, la aféresis de LDL ha adquirido características que permiten la remoción mucho más específica de LDL y de lipoproteínas que contienen apo B100, junto con la mayor versatilidad de uso evidenciada en las técnicas recientes. Esto ha permitido que la investigación se orientara hacia 2 direcciones precisas: (a) el desarrollo y uso de sistemas capaces de mayor selectividad en la remoción de partículas aterogénicas y (b) la posibilidad de iniciar la aféresis de LDL a edades cada vez más tempranas en los pacientes pediátricos. Incluso, pacientes de alto riesgo por enfermedad coronaria documentada recibieron tratamiento extracorpóreo con impacto hematológico, bioquímico y clínico reducido en comparación con las técnicas pioneras, las cuales producían un reemplazo plasmático drástico (intercambio plasmático). Con el aumento de selectividad, los sistemas se han vuelto crecientemente más versátiles y seguros. Un avance tecnológico adicional ha sido la posibilidad reciente de remover LDL a partir de sangre entera en lugar de hacerlo a partir de plasma (DALI, sigla en inglés de adsorción directa de lípidos). En este momento, la aféresis de LDL puede considerarse una estrategia terapéutica mejor y más segura para el tratamiento de la hipercolesterolemia familiar grave. Existen evidencias científicas y clínicas concretas de que la aféresis de LDL, si es administrada correctamente, es capaz de prevenir las complicaciones isquémicas en las enfermedades del metabolismo lipídico con determinante genético. La aféresis de LDL tiene también ventajas sobre otras 2 formas posibles de terapia: el trasplante hepático y la terapia génica. Los principales efectos colaterales del trasplante son la necesidad de inmunosupresión prolongada, la disponibilidad limitada de órganos, los problemas éticos referidos a la necesidad de priorizar otras enfermedades (por ejemplo, la atrofia hepática aguda) y la dificultad de convencer de la cirugía a pacientes que tienen un estado de salud aparentemente bueno. En cuanto a la terapia génica, deberán hacerse más estudios y ensayos en animales antes que pueda ser aplicada en forma segura y eficaz en los humanos y transformarse en una realidad clínica. De hecho, los resultados de los estudios en curso no son concluyentes y se presume que serán necesarios años de experimentación antes que la aplicación clínica de la terapia génica sea un hecho. Una de las principales limitaciones de este método es la dificultad de introducir secuencias genéticas en las células para obtener la expresión fenotípica correcta. El uso de retrovirus para lograr tal introducción genera controversias dado el temor de un posible riesgo oncológico.


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Abstract
In the course of its technological evolution over the last twenty years, LDL-apheresis has acquired characteristics which allow for a much more specific removal of LDL and apo B100- containing lipoproteins, and also a greater versatility of use which has been more evident in recent techniques. This has enabled research to be orientated in two precise directions. The development and use of systems which are capable of increasingly more selective removal of atherogenic particles, and the possibility of beginning LDL-apheresis at an increasingly earlier stage in pediatric patients. Even patients who are at high risk because of documented coronary heart disease, have been submitted to extracorporeal treatment with a reduced haematological, biochemical and clinical impact, compared to the dramatic plasma replacement obtained through other pioneering techniques (plasma-exchange). With the increase in selectivity, the systems have become increasingly more versatile and secure. A further technological advancement has been the recent possibility of removing LDL from the whole blood as opposed to from the plasma (DALI: Direct Adsorption of Lipids LDL-apheresis). LDL-apheresis at the moment can be considered a better and safer therapeutic approach to the treatment of severe familial hypercholesterolaemia. There now exists concrete scientific and clinical evidence that LDL-apheresis, if correctly administered, is capable of preventing ischemic complications in genetically determined diseases involving the lipid metabolism. LDL-apheresis also has advantages over two other possible means of therapy: liver transplant and gene therapy. The main side effects of liver transplant are: the need of long-term immunosuppression, limited availability of organs, ethical problems concerning the need to give priority to other diseases (e.g. acute liver atrophy), and finally the difficulty of convincing patients who are apparently in good health to undergo surgery. Gene therapy needs further studies and trials on animal subjects before it can be safely and efficiently applied to humans and become a clinical reality. In fact, the results of on-going studies are not yet conclusive and presumably years of further experiments will be necessary before their clinical application can become a reality. One of the main limitations of this method is the difficulty of introducing genetic sequences into the cells in order to obtain the correct phenotype expression. Finally, the use of retroviruses in order to introduce genetic sequences into the organism, is still controversial because of fears of a possible oncogenic risk.


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Especialidades
Principal: Medicina Interna
Relacionadas: Cardiología, Diagnóstico por Laboratorio, Endocrinología y Metabolismo, Nutrición



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Bibliografía del artículo
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