ESTADO ACTUAL DE LA AFERESIS DE LIPOPROTEINAS DE BAJA DENSIDAD.

(especial para SIIC © Derechos reservados)
Existen evidencias científicas y clínicas de que la aféresis de LDL puede prevenir las complicaciones isquémicas en enfermedades del metabolismo lipídico determinadas genéticamente.
Autor:
Claudio Stefanutti
Columnista Experto de SIIC
Artículos publicados por Claudio Stefanutti
Recepción del artículo
24 de Mayo, 2002
Primera edición
3 de Julio, 2002
Segunda edición, ampliada y corregida
7 de Junio, 2021

Resumen
En el transcurso de su evolución tecnológica en los últimos 20 años, la aféresis de LDL ha adquirido características que permiten la remoción mucho más específica de LDL y de lipoproteínas que contienen apo B100, junto con la mayor versatilidad de uso evidenciada en las técnicas recientes. Esto ha permitido que la investigación se orientara hacia 2 direcciones precisas: (a) el desarrollo y uso de sistemas capaces de mayor selectividad en la remoción de partículas aterogénicas y (b) la posibilidad de iniciar la aféresis de LDL a edades cada vez más tempranas en los pacientes pediátricos. Incluso, pacientes de alto riesgo por enfermedad coronaria documentada recibieron tratamiento extracorpóreo con impacto hematológico, bioquímico y clínico reducido en comparación con las técnicas pioneras, las cuales producían un reemplazo plasmático drástico (intercambio plasmático). Con el aumento de selectividad, los sistemas se han vuelto crecientemente más versátiles y seguros. Un avance tecnológico adicional ha sido la posibilidad reciente de remover LDL a partir de sangre entera en lugar de hacerlo a partir de plasma (DALI, sigla en inglés de adsorción directa de lípidos). En este momento, la aféresis de LDL puede considerarse una estrategia terapéutica mejor y más segura para el tratamiento de la hipercolesterolemia familiar grave. Existen evidencias científicas y clínicas concretas de que la aféresis de LDL, si es administrada correctamente, es capaz de prevenir las complicaciones isquémicas en las enfermedades del metabolismo lipídico con determinante genético. La aféresis de LDL tiene también ventajas sobre otras 2 formas posibles de terapia: el trasplante hepático y la terapia génica. Los principales efectos colaterales del trasplante son la necesidad de inmunosupresión prolongada, la disponibilidad limitada de órganos, los problemas éticos referidos a la necesidad de priorizar otras enfermedades (por ejemplo, la atrofia hepática aguda) y la dificultad de convencer de la cirugía a pacientes que tienen un estado de salud aparentemente bueno. En cuanto a la terapia génica, deberán hacerse más estudios y ensayos en animales antes que pueda ser aplicada en forma segura y eficaz en los humanos y transformarse en una realidad clínica. De hecho, los resultados de los estudios en curso no son concluyentes y se presume que serán necesarios años de experimentación antes que la aplicación clínica de la terapia génica sea un hecho. Una de las principales limitaciones de este método es la dificultad de introducir secuencias genéticas en las células para obtener la expresión fenotípica correcta. El uso de retrovirus para lograr tal introducción genera controversias dado el temor de un posible riesgo oncológico.


Artículo completo

(castellano)
Extensión:  +/-7.11 páginas impresas en papel A4
Exclusivo para suscriptores/assinantes

Abstract
In the course of its technological evolution over the last twenty years, LDL-apheresis has acquired characteristics which allow for a much more specific removal of LDL and apo B100- containing lipoproteins, and also a greater versatility of use which has been more evident in recent techniques. This has enabled research to be orientated in two precise directions. The development and use of systems which are capable of increasingly more selective removal of atherogenic particles, and the possibility of beginning LDL-apheresis at an increasingly earlier stage in pediatric patients. Even patients who are at high risk because of documented coronary heart disease, have been submitted to extracorporeal treatment with a reduced haematological, biochemical and clinical impact, compared to the dramatic plasma replacement obtained through other pioneering techniques (plasma-exchange). With the increase in selectivity, the systems have become increasingly more versatile and secure. A further technological advancement has been the recent possibility of removing LDL from the whole blood as opposed to from the plasma (DALI: Direct Adsorption of Lipids LDL-apheresis). LDL-apheresis at the moment can be considered a better and safer therapeutic approach to the treatment of severe familial hypercholesterolaemia. There now exists concrete scientific and clinical evidence that LDL-apheresis, if correctly administered, is capable of preventing ischemic complications in genetically determined diseases involving the lipid metabolism. LDL-apheresis also has advantages over two other possible means of therapy: liver transplant and gene therapy. The main side effects of liver transplant are: the need of long-term immunosuppression, limited availability of organs, ethical problems concerning the need to give priority to other diseases (e.g. acute liver atrophy), and finally the difficulty of convincing patients who are apparently in good health to undergo surgery. Gene therapy needs further studies and trials on animal subjects before it can be safely and efficiently applied to humans and become a clinical reality. In fact, the results of on-going studies are not yet conclusive and presumably years of further experiments will be necessary before their clinical application can become a reality. One of the main limitations of this method is the difficulty of introducing genetic sequences into the cells in order to obtain the correct phenotype expression. Finally, the use of retroviruses in order to introduce genetic sequences into the organism, is still controversial because of fears of a possible oncogenic risk.


Full text
(english)
para suscriptores/ assinantes

Clasificación en siicsalud
Artículos originales > Expertos del Mundo >
página   www.siicsalud.com/des/expertocompleto.php/

Especialidades
Principal: Medicina Interna
Relacionadas: Cardiología, Diagnóstico por Laboratorio, Endocrinología y Metabolismo, Nutrición



Comprar este artículo
Extensión: 7.11 páginas impresas en papel A4

file05.gif (1491 bytes) Artículos seleccionados para su compra



Bibliografía del artículo
  1. Brown M.S., Goldstein J.L.: A receptor-mediated pathway for cholesterol homeostasis. Science 232: 34-47, 1986.
  2. Schaefer E.J., Levy R.I.: Pathogenesis and management of lipoprotein disorders. N.Engl. J.Med. 312: 1300, 1986.
  3. Kostner G.M., Avogaro P., et al.: Lipoprotein Lp(a) and the risk for myocardial infarction. Atherosclerosis 33: 51-61, 1981.
  4. Thompson G.R., Lowenthal R., Myant N.B.: Plasma-exchange in the management of familial hypercholesterolemia. Lancet 2: 1208-1211, 1975.
  5. King M.E., Breslow J.L., Leers R.S.: Plasma-exchange therapy of homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. N.Engl. J. Med. 26: 1457-1459, 1980.
  6. Lupien P.J., Moorijani S., Awald S.: A new approach to the management of familial hypercholesterolemia: removal of plasma-cholesterol based on the principle of affinity chromatography. Lancet 2: 1261-1264, 1976.
  7. Kottke B.A., Pineda A.a., et al.: Hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis: present and future therapy including LDL-apheresis. J. Clin. Apher. 4: 35-46, 1988.
  8. De Gennes J.L., Touraine R., Maunand B.: Formes homozygotes utaneo-tendineuses de xanthomatose hypercholesterolemiques dans une observation familiale exemplaire: essai de plasmpherese a titre de traitement heroique. Bull. Mem. So. Med. Hop. Paris 118: 1377, 1965.
  9. Homma Y., Mikami Y., Tamachi H., et al.: Comparison of selectivity of LDL-removal by double filtration and dextran-sulfate cellulose column plasmapheresis , and changes of subfractionate plasma lipoprotein after plasmapheresis in heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. Metabolism 5: 419- 425, 1987.
  10. Mabuchi H., Michishita I., Takeda M.: A new low density lipoprotein apheresis system using two dextran sulfate cellulose columns in an automated column regenerating unit (LDL-continuous apheresis. Atherosclerosis 68: 19-25, 1987.
  11. Seidel D., Schuff-Werner P., Armstrong V.W, et al.: Treatment of severe hypercholesterolemia by heparin induced extracorporeal LDL precipitation (HELP). Contrib Infus. Ther. 23: 118-126, 1988.
  12. Valbonesi M., Bigi L.,et al.: Cascade filtration for familial hypercholesterolemia. Int. Artif. Organs 14: 751-753, 1991.
  13. Franceschini G., Busnach G., et al.: Apheretic treatment of severe familial hypercholesterolemia: comparison of dextran sulfate cellulose annd double membrane filtration methods for low density lipoprotein removal. Atherosclerosis 73: 197-202, 1988.
  14. Demant T., Seidel D.: Recent development in low density lipoprotein apheresis. Curr. opin. Lipid 3: 43-48, 1992.
  15. Kroon A.A. et al.: The LDL-apheresis Atherosclerosis regression study (LAARS). Effect of aggressive versus conventional lipid lowering treatment on coronary atherosclerosis. Circulation 93: 1826-1835, 1996.
  16. Leitinger N. et al.: Decreased susceptibility of low density lipoproteins to in vitro oxidation after dextran-sulphate LDL-apheresis treatment. Atherosclerosis 126: 305-312, 1996.
  17. Henry P.D. et al.: Hypercholesterolemia and endotelial dysfunction. Current Opinion in Lipidology 6: 190-195, 1995
  18. Tamai O. et al.: Single LDL-apheresis improves endothelium -dependent vasodilatation in hypercholesterolemic humans. Circulation 95 (1): 76-82, 1997.
  19. Bosch T., Schmidt B., et al.: Lipid apheresis by hemoperfusion: in vitro efficacy and ex vivo biocompatibility of a new low density lipoprotein adsorber compatible with human whole blood. Artificial Organs 17(7): 640-652, 1993.
  20. Richter W.O., Jacob B.G., Ritter M.M., et al.: Three-years treatment of familial heterozygous hypercholesterolemia by extracorporeal low density lipoprotein immunoadsorption with polyclonal apolipoprotein B antibodies. Metabolism 42(7): 888-894, 1993.
  21. Knisel W., Pfohl M., Muller M., et al.: Comparative long term experience with immunoadsorption and dextran sulfate cellulose adsorption for extracorporeal elimination of low density lipoproteins.Clin. Invest. 72: 660-668, 1994.
  22. Wallukat G., Reinke P., Dorffel W.V., et al.: Removal of antibodies in dilatated cardiomyopathy by immunoadsorption. Intern J Cardiol. 54: 191-195, 1996.
  23. Knobl P., Derfler K., et al.: Elimination of acquired factor VII antibodies by extracorpreal antibody based immunoadsorption (Ig Therasorb). Thrombosis and Haemostasis 74(4): 1035-8, 1995.
  24. Gruber C., Swoboda K., et al.: Reduction of Lp(a) by immunospecific LDL-apheresis. In: Treatment of severe dyslipoproteinemia in the perevntion of coronary heart disease. 4. Gotto A.M., Mancini M., Richter W.O., Schwandt P. (Eds.). 4th Int Symp. Munich 1992, Karger, 1993, pp 219-222.
  25. Bambauer R., Schiel R., et al.: Apheresis technology for prevention and regression of atherosclerosis. Clinical results with the kaneka system in Europe. XI st ISAO, U.S.A., June 29-July 1, 1997.
  26. Daida H., Yamaguchi H., et al.: Clinical application and effectiveness of low density lipoprotein apheresis in the treatment of coronary artery disease. Artif. Organs 21(6), 1997.
  27. Sato Y., Agishi T.: Low density lipoprotein adsorption for atherosclerosis patients. Artificial Organs 20(4): 324-327, 1996.
  28. Stefanutti C., Vivenzio A., et al.: Treatment of homozygous and double heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemic children with LDL-apheresis. Int. J Art. Org. 18(2): 103-110, 1995.
  29. Stefanutti C., Vivenzio A., et al.: LDL-apheresis in pediatric patients with severe hyperlipoproteinemia. J. Clin. Apheresis, 10: 101-102, 1995.
  30. Stefanutti C., Di Giacomo S., et al.: Pediatric LDL-apheresis: clinical experience in Italy's largest sample. 1st Intern. Congress of the Group for the prevention of atherosclerosis in childhood. Budapest (H), October 13-16, Abs p.25.
  31. Stefanutti C., Vivenzio A., et al.: Plasmapheresis in the treatment of primary hyperlipoproteinemia with hyperchilomicronemia. World Apheresis Association. 6th Intern. Congress Florence (I), November 11-14. Abs. p.22.
  32. Knisel W. et al.: Proc 2nd Int. Symp. Munich 1989. Karger, Basel,1990, pp. 227-233.
  33. Bosch T., Gurland H.J.: Biomarter Artif. Cells Immobilization Biotechnol. 19(1):1-18, 1991
  34. Olbricht C.J.: Nephrol. Dial. Transplant.8: 814-820, 1993.
  35. Matsuda Y., Malchesky P.S., Nos Y.: Artif Organs 18(1): 93-99, 1994.
  36. Knisel W., et al.: in Treatment of severe dyslipoproteinemia in the prevention of coronary heart disease. 4. Gotto A.M. jr et al. (Eds): 154-157, 1993.
  37. Bosch P., et al.: Artif Organs 17(7): 640-652, 1993.
  38. Boberg H., Kadar J., Oette K.: The current status of LDL-apheresis in U.E. Nydapper (Ed.) Therapeutic Apheresis in 1990s. Karger, Basel, 1990: 239-248.
  39. Motulsky AG. Current concepts in genetics. The genetic hyperlipidemias. N Engl J Med 1976; 294 (15): 823-827
  40. Holme I. Effects of lipid- lowering therapy on total and coronary mortality. Curr Opin Lipidol 1995; 6: 374-378.
  41. Nash DT, Gensinis G, Esente P. Effect of lipid-lowering therapy on the progression of coronary atherosclerosis assessed by scheduled repetitive coronary arteriography. Int J Cardiol 1982; 2: 43-55.
  42. Thompson GR, Miller JP, Breslow JL. Improved survival with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia treated with plasma-exchange. Br Med J 1985; 291: 1671-1673.
  43. Mabuchi H, Koizumi J, Shimizu M, Kajinami K, Miyamoto S, Ueda K, Takegoshi T. Long term efficacy of LDL apheresis on coronary heart disease in familial hypercholesterolemia. Hokuriku-FH-LDL-Apheresis Study Group. Am J Cardiol 1998; 82(12): 1489-1495.
  44. Kroon AA Aengevaeren WRM, van der Werf T, Uijen GJH, Reiber JHC, Bruschke AVG, et al. LDL- apheresis atherosclerosis regression study (LAARS). Effect of aggressive versus conventional lipid lowering treatment on coronary atherosclerosis. Circulation 1998; 93: 1826-1835.
  45. Stefanutti C, Vivenzio A, Colombo C, Di Giacomo S, Mazzarella B, Berni A, et al. Treatment of homozygous and double heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemic children with LDL apheresis. Int J Art Organs 1995; 18(2): 103-110.
  46. Thompson GR, Maher VMG, Matthews S, Kitano Y, Neuwirth C, Shortt MB et al. Familial hypercholesterolemia regression study: a randomised trial of low density lipoprotein apheresis. The Lancet 1995; 345: 811.
  47. International Conference for Apheresis 1996. April 7-10, 1996 Kyoto, Japan. Japanese Journal of Apheresis. Vol 15 suppl. 1996.
  48. Zwiener RJ, Uauy R, Petruska ML, Huet BA. Low density lipoprotein apheresis as long-term treatment for children with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. J Pediatr 1995; 126:728-735.
  49. World Health Organization. Human genetics programme. Division of noncommunicable diseases. World Health Organization/HGN/FH/CONS/98.7. 1998. Paris, France, October 3, 1997. P. 14.
  50. Ross G, Erickson R, Knorr D, Motulsky AG, Parkman R, Samulski J. Gene therapy in the United States: a five-year status report. Hum Gene Ther 1996; 7(14): 1781 - 1790.
  51. Bilheimer DW, Goldstein JL, Grundy SM, Starzl TE, Brown MS, Liver transplantation to provide low-density-lipoprotein receptors and lower plasma cholesterol in a child with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. N Engl J Med 1984; 311: 1496-1500
  52. Forman MB, Baker SG, Mieny CJ, Joffe BI, Sandler MP, Mendelsohn DU et al.. Treatment of homozygous hypercholesterolemia with portocaval shunt. Atherosclerosis 1982; 41: 349-361.
  53. Keller C. LDL-apheresis: results of longterm treatment and vascular outcome. Atherosclerosis 1991; 86: 1-8
  54. Bertolini S, Lelli N., Coviello DA, Ghisellini M, Masturzo P, Tiozzo R, Elicio N, Calandra S. A large deletion in the LDL receptor gene - the cause of familial hypercholesterolemia in three Italian families: a study that dates back to the 17th century (FH-Pavia). Am J Hum Genet 1992;51: 123-134.
  55. Stefanutti C, Notarbartolo A, Colloridi V., Nigri A, Vivenzio A, Bertolini S, et al. LDL apheresis in homozygous familial hypercholesterolemic child aged 4.5. Artif Organs 1997; 21(10): 1126-1127.

Título español
Resumen
 Bibliografía
 Artículo completo
(exclusivo a suscriptores)
 Autoevaluación
  Tema principal en SIIC Data Bases
 Especialidades

 English title
 Abstract
  Key words
Full text
(exclusivo a suscriptores)

Autor 
Artículos
Correspondencia

Patrocinio y reconocimiento
Imprimir esta página
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Está expresamente prohibida la redistribución y la redifusión de todo o parte de los contenidos de la Sociedad Iberoamericana de Información Científica (SIIC) S.A. sin previo y expreso consentimiento de SIIC.
ua31618
Inicio/Home

Copyright siicsalud © 1997-2024 ISSN siicsalud: 1667-9008