NUEVAS MODALIDADES TERAPEUTICAS PARA EL CARCINOMA DE HIPOFARINGE

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La cirugía con radioterapia posoperatoria puede ser aún la opción de preferencia en el subgrupo de pacientes con cánceres del seno piriforme avanzados, en los cuales la quimiorradiación probablemente daría como resultado la dependencia de traqueostomía o gastrostomía. Nuestra conducta es tratar fundamentalmente todas las paredes faríngeas afectadas por el cáncer con radioterapia primaria, con quimioterapia o sin ella.
hinerman.jpg Autor:
Russell w. Hinerman
Columnista Experto de SIIC
Artículos publicados por Russell w. Hinerman
Coautor
William M. Mendenhall* 
MD, University of Florid*
Recepción del artículo
3 de Octubre, 2003
Primera edición
6 de Enero, 2004
Segunda edición, ampliada y corregida
7 de Junio, 2021

Resumen
Por más de 20 años, la conducta en la Universidad de Florida ha sido tratar pacientes con carcinoma del seno piriforme en los estadios favorables T1 y T2 mediante la utilización de radioterapia (RT) sola o combinada con una disección cervical por planos en presencia de enfermedad avanzada en los ganglios linfáticos. Este enfoque, por lo general, deja al paciente con deglución y habla cercanas a lo normal y también provee una cobertura bilateral de los ganglios linfáticos cervicales regionales y retrofaríngeos. Las lesiones más avanzadas no son controladas en forma confiable con radiación sola y han sido históricamente consideradas para realizar una laringofaringectomía total si el paciente es médicamente operable.1 Habitualmente, la radiación se aplica en el posoperatorio, excepto que la enfermedad cervical sea considerada inicialmente irresecable, en cuyo caso se indica radiación el preoperatorio.Recientemente, la radiación y la quimioterapia combinadas han sido establecidas como tratamiento estándar para ciertos tumores con estadios avanzados con enfermedad cervical extensa. Alguno de estos casos, actualmente, puede ser tratado inicialmente con técnicas conservadoras del órgano, reservando la cirugía como tratamiento de rescate. Como resultado, las recomendaciones están evolucionando hacia los programas terapéuticos más apropiados para presentaciones selectas de estadios avanzados. Gran parte del debate se centra en la necesidad de cirugía cervical en pacientes con estadios IV a y IVb luego del tratamiento inicial con altas dosis de radioquimioterapia. La cirugía con radioterapia posoperatoria puede ser aún la opción de preferencia en el subgrupo de pacientes con cánceres del seno piriforme avanzados T4, en los cuales la quimiorradiación probablemente daría como resultado la dependencia de traqueostomía o gastrostomía. La definición de este subgrupo de pacientes no está clara, pero probablemente incluya a aquellos con importante destrucción del cartílago o con compromiso de la vía aérea que requiera tratamiento previo con traqueostomía. Nuestra conducta es tratar fundamentalmente todas las paredes faríngeas afectadas por el cáncer con radioterapia primaria, con quimioterapia o sin ella.

Palabras clave
Carcinoma hipofaríngeo, modalidad combinada, radiación, quimiorradiación, carcinoma laríngeo, quimioterapia


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Abstract
For over 20 years the policy at the University of Florida has been to treat patients with favorable stage T1-T2 pyriform sinus carcinoma by using radiation therapy (RT) alone, or RT combined with a planned neck dissection if advanced nodal disease is present. This approach usually leaves the patient with nearly normal swallowing and speech, and also provides bilateral coverage of the regional neck and retropharyngeal lymphatics. More advanced lesions are not reliably controlled with radiation alone, and have historically been considered for total laryngopharyngectomy if the patient is medically operable.1 Radiation is usually administered postoperatively unless the neck disease is felt to be unresectable initially, in which case preoperative radiation is given. More recently, concomitant radiation and chemotherapy has been established as standard treatment for certain advanced-stage tumors with extensive neck disease. Some of these cases may now be treated initially with organ-sparing techniques, reserving surgery for salvage. As a result, recommendations are evolving as to the most appropriate treatment program for selected advanced-stage presentations. Much of the debate centers on the need for neck dissection in stage IVa and IVb patients after initial treatment with high-dose radiochemotherapy. For the subset of patients with advanced T4 pyriform sinus cancers in whom a cure with chemoradiation would likely result in tracheostomy and/or gastrostomy dependence, surgery with postoperative irradiation may still be the preferable option. The definition of this subset of patients is unclear, but probably includes those with significant cartilage destruction and/or a compromised airway requiring pretreatment tracheostomy. Our policy is to treat essentially all pharyngeal wall cancers with primary irradiation, with or without chemotherapy.

Key words
Carcinoma hipofaríngeo, modalidad combinada, radiación, quimiorradiación, carcinoma laríngeo, quimioterapia


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Especialidades
Principal: Oncología
Relacionadas: Cirugía, Gastroenterología, Oncología, Otorrinolaringología



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