VALOR DIAGNOSTICO DE LA INHIBICION DE ACIDO EN LA ENFERMEDAD POR REFLUJO GASTROESOFAGICO

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Aunque no asegura el diagnóstico, la “prueba de los inhibidores de la bomba de protones” es razonable y con moderada utilidad como prueba diagnóstica ante la sospecha de enfermedad por reflujo gastroesofágico sin síntomas de alarma.
Autor:
Joan Monés xiol
Columnista Experto de SIIC

Institución:
Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona


Artículos publicados por Joan Monés xiol
Recepción del artículo
22 de Octubre, 2007
Aprobación
20 de Febrero, 2008
Primera edición
3 de Junio, 2008
Segunda edición, ampliada y corregida
7 de Junio, 2021

Resumen
La enfermedad por reflujo gastroesofágico (ERGE) es una de las más frecuentes tanto en atención primaria como en atención especializada. En el mundo desarrollado, el 2.5% al 10% de los sujetos tienen pirosis diaria y alrededor del 30% al menos una vez al mes. Esta enfermedad puede también manifestarse con síntomas extraesofágicos, como dolor torácico no cardíaco, laringitis, tos crónica y asma. Pacientes con síntomas sugestivos de enfermedad no complicada son con frecuencia tratados empíricamente con medidas higiénico-dietéticas y medicación antisecretora. Los inhibidores de la bomba de protones (IBP) son escogidos como primera línea de tratamiento por su mayor eficacia en la ERGE. Por ello, en la práctica clínica muchos médicos consideran que el alivio sintomático rápido después de un tratamiento corto con IBP es un marcador adecuado para diagnosticar ERGE. Es la base para que se desarrollara la llamada "prueba de los IBP". La endoscopia es la exploración más recomendada y aceptada en la ERGE, pero 50% a 75% de los pacientes con síntomas compatibles tienen una endoscopia normal. Por ello, la endoscopia no parece ser indispensable, en un considerable número de pacientes con ERGE sin síntomas ni signos de alarma. La medición del pH de 24 horas ha sido considerada como la prueba más sensible y específica en el diagnóstico de la ERGE, aunque un significativo porcentaje de pacientes (alrededor del 25%), tienen síntomas compatibles y pehachimetría normal. Aunque esta exploración es un excelente procedimiento diagnóstico, tiene poca utilidad en la práctica clínica habitual y sólo suele estar disponible en atención especializada ya que es invasivo y costoso. Contrariamente, la "prueba de los IBP" es simple, sensible y costo-efectiva, aunque tiene insuficiente especificidad para ser utilizada como criterio exclusivo. Por ello, si bien para pacientes con sospecha de ERGE la prueba de los IBP no puede asegurar o excluir el diagnóstico cuando la ERGE es definida con los criterios estándard aceptados. Muchos pacientes con ERGE responden a los IBP y, aunque no asegura el diagnóstico, la prueba de los IBP es razonable y con moderada utilidad como "prueba diagnóstica" en sospecha de ERGE y sin síntomas de alarma, sobre todo en ambientes con dificultades para llevar a cabo pruebas objetivas.

Palabras clave
enfermedad por reflujo gastroesofágico, manifestaciones extraesofágicas del reflujo, inhibidores de la bomba de protones, prueba de los IBP, pH de 24 horas


Artículo completo

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Extensión:  +/-8.59 páginas impresas en papel A4
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Abstract
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is one of the most common disorders observed by both primary care physicians and gastroenterologists. In the developed world, between 2.5 and 10% of the adult population have heartburn daily and about 30% experience this condition at least once monthly. This disorder can also be associated with extra-esophageal symptoms, such as non-cardiac chest pain, laryngitis, cough and asthma. Patients with symptoms suggestive of uncomplicated disease are frequently treated empirically with lifestyle modifications and acid suppressive medications. Proton-Pump Inhibitors (PPI) are often used as first-line therapy because they are more effective than other available treatments for GERD. In clinical practice, therefore, many physicians consider that rapid symptom relief after a short course of PPI therapy is a valuable marker for a diagnosis of GERD This represents the basis for the development of so-called "PPI test". Endoscopy is the most acceptable and recommendable exploratory procedure but results are normal in 50-75% of patients whose symptoms are compatible with GERD. Consequently, endoscopy does not appear to be essential in a large group of patients with GERD with no alarm symptoms. Twenty-four hour pH monitoring has come to be considered the most sensitive and specific test in the diagnosis of GERD, but in a significant proportion of patients (about 25%), symptoms are compatible and 24-h pH monitoring is normal. Despite the fact that this exploration is an excellent diagnostic tool, it is of little use in routine clinical practice; it should thus be limited to tertiary care settings, as it is invasive and costly. Otherwise, the "PPI test" is a simple, sensitive and cost-effective tool, but it has insufficient specificity for its use as an objective criterion alone. Therefore, for patients suspected of having GERD but presenting no alarming symptoms, "PPI test" does not confidently establish or exclude the diagnosis defined by currently accepted reference standards.

Key words
gastroesophageal reflux disease, extraoesophageal manifestations of gastroesophageal reflux d, proton pump inhibitors, PPI test, 24 hour pH monitoring


Clasificación en siicsalud
Artículos originales > Expertos de Iberoamérica >
página   www.siicsalud.com/des/expertocompleto.php/

Especialidades
Principal: Gastroenterología
Relacionadas: Farmacología, Medicina Interna



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Joan Monés Xiol, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08025, Sant Antonio M. Claret 167, Barcelona, España
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