DESTACAN LA UTILIDAD DEL RITUXIMAB PARA TRATAR LA ANEMIA HEMOLITICA AUTOIMMUNE

(especial para SIIC © Derechos reservados)
El rituximab ha demostrado recientemente ser una opción terapéutica alternativa en adultos y niños para las anemias hemolíticas autoinmunes refractarias o en recaída y en los pacientes en los que está contraindicada la esplenectomia.
Autor:
Jose manuel Calvo villas
Columnista Experto de SIIC

Institución:
Hospital Doctor José Molina Orosa


Artículos publicados por Jose manuel Calvo villas
Recepción del artículo
5 de Mayo, 2008
Aprobación
15 de Julio, 2008
Primera edición
3 de Abril, 2009
Segunda edición, ampliada y corregida
7 de Junio, 2021

Resumen
La anemia hemolítica autoinmune (AHAI) es una alteración hematológica autoinmune producida por la síntesis de autoanticuerpos contra los antígenos propios de la membrana eritrocitaria. El tratamiento de los pacientes con AHAI, especialmente en la enfermedad por crioaglutinias, supone un reto terapéutico. Los glucocorticoides constituyen el tratamiento inicial para la anemia hemolítica por anticuerpos calientes mientras que en los casos refractarios se utilizan la esplenectomía y fármacos inmunosupresores. El tratamiento de la enfermedad por crioaglutininas además de evitar los ambientes fríos, incluye los fármacos inmunosupresores y, más recientemente, el rituximab. Este anticuerpo monoclonal ha ganado una amplia aceptación en el manejo de las enfermedades hematológicas por síntesis de autoanticuerpos. El mecanismo de acción del anticuerpo monoclonal parece asociarse con la depleción selectiva de linfocitos B y el descenso del título de autoanticuerpos. El rituximab ha demostrado recientemente ser una opción terapéutica alternativa en adultos y niños para las anemias hemolíticas autoinmunes refractarias o en recaída y en los pacientes en los que está contraindicada la esplenectomia. En España, el tratamiento de estas anemias hemolíticas autoinmunes con rituximab requiere la autorización como uso compasivo por el Ministerio de Sanidad. Por lo tanto, son necesarios ensayos clínicos correctamente diseñados que evalúen el rituximab como tratamiento de primera línea y a la recaída para la anemia hemolítica autoinmune y la enfermedad hemolítica por anticuerpos fríos.

Palabras clave
anemia hemolítica autoinmune, enfermedad por crioaglutininas, rituximab


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Abstract
Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia (AIHA) is an immune haematologic disorder resulting from autoantibody production directed against red-cell antigens. Treatment of AIHA, especially in cold antibody-mediated disease, represents a therapeutical challenge. Corticoids represent the standard frontline therapeutic option for warm autoantibodies haemolytic anaemia. A variety of other immunosuppressive agents as well as splenectomy are used for refractory cases. The treatment of cold agglutinin disease consists of avoiding cold environments, inmunosuppresive therapy and more recently rituximab. The anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody rituximab has gained widespread acceptance in the management of haematologic disorders with autoantibodies production. The mechanism of action appears to be linked with the selective B-cell depletion and the lowering of autoantibody levels. Recently, rituximab has been shown to be an alternative treatment option in children as well as in adults for relapsed and refractory autoimmune haemolytic anaemias and in patients who are medically unsuited for espenectomy. The treatment of these autoimmune haemolytic anaemias with rituximab requires authorisation by the Spanish Ministry of Health for compassionate use. Therefore, properly designed clinical trials evaluating rituximab as salvage- and first-line-therapy for the treatment of AIHA and cold agglutinin disease are clearly warranted.

Key words
autoimmune haemolytic anaemia, cold agglutinin disease, rituximab


Clasificación en siicsalud
Artículos originales > Expertos de Iberoamérica >
página   www.siicsalud.com/des/expertocompleto.php/

Especialidades
Principal: Hematología
Relacionadas: Bioquímica, Farmacología, Inmunología, Medicina Farmacéutica, Medicina Interna



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Enviar correspondencia a:
Jose Manuel Calvo Villas, Hospital Doctor José Molina Orosa Servicio de Hematología y Hemoterapia, 35500, Ctra Arrecife-Tinajo Km 1,300, Arrecife de Lanzarote, España
Patrocinio y reconocimiento:
Agradecimiento: Al Dr. Alberto Marco, por la revisión crítica del manuscrito.
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