CLASIFICACION Y FISIOPATOLOGIA DE LA HIPERTENSION EN EL EMBARAZO

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Existen cuatro trastornos hipertensivos principales que complican, aproximadamente, el 10% de todos los embarazos. La preeclampsia se clasifica en leve o grave; la eclampsia y el síndrome HELLP son variantes de la preeclampsia grave. La hipertensión crónica se presenta antes de las 20 semanas del embarazo. La preeclampsia superpuesta se diagnostica en mujeres con hipertensión crónica. La hipertensión gestacional es la hipertensión sin proteinuria.
cetin9.jpg Autor:
Ali Cetin
Columnista Experto de SIIC

Institución:
Cumhuriyet University School of Medicine


Artículos publicados por Ali Cetin
Recepción del artículo
5 de Agosto, 2007
Aprobación
7 de Enero, 2008
Primera edición
12 de Diciembre, 2008
Segunda edición, ampliada y corregida
7 de Junio, 2021

Resumen
Existen cuatro trastornos hipertensivos principales que complican aproximadamente el 10% de todos los embarazos. La preeclampsia, que se clasifica en leve o grave, se manifiesta como hipertensión y proteinuria de reciente comienzo, después de la semana 20 de gestación, en una mujer previamente normotensa. La eclampsia, una variante de la preeclampsia grave, se manifiesta por la presentación de convulsiones generalizadas que no se atribuyen a otra causa. El síndrome HELLP (hemólisis, incremento de las enzimas hepáticas y disminución del recuento de las plaquetas), también es una forma grave de preeclampsia. La hipertensión crónica se define por el registro de valores de presión sistólica > 140 mm Hg, o de presión diastólica > 90 mm Hg, o de ambas, que precede al embarazo, o está presente antes de la semana 20 de la gestación o persiste más allá de la semana 12 posparto. La preeclampsia superpuesta se diagnostica cuando en una mujer con hipertensión preexistente surge proteinuria de reciente comienzo después de la semana 20 del embarazo. La hipertensión gestacional es la hipertensión (usualmente leve) sin proteinuria (u otros signos de preeclampsia) que aparece en el último tramo del embarazo. Debe normalizarse antes de la semana 12 posparto. La preeclampsia es un síndrome caracterizado por la disfunción endotelial materna. Tanto el estrés oxidativo, como la inflamación y la falta de adaptación circulatoria, junto con diversas anomalías humorales, minerales o metabólicas, tienen una función en la patogénesis de la preeclampsia. Las últimas investigaciones sugieren que la placenta libera factores circulantes cuyo papel es interferir la acción del factor de crecimiento endotelial vascular y del factor de crecimiento placentario, que tendrían una misión central en la presentación de la enfermedad. En esta revisión, se analiza la clasificación y la fisiopatología de la preeclampsia junto con sus formas graves, la eclampsia y el síndrome HELLP.

Palabras clave
preeclampsia, eclampsia, síndrome HELLP, hipertensión


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Abstract
There are four major hypertensive disorders complicating approximately 10% of all pregnancies. Preeclampsia classified as mild or severe refers to the new onset of hypertension and proteinuria after 20 weeks of gestation in a previously normotensive woman. Eclampsia, a variant of severe preeclampsia, refers to the development of grand mal seizures that should not be attributable to another cause. HELLP syndrome (hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets) is also a severe form of preeclampsia. Chronic hypertension is defined as systolic pressure = 140 mm Hg, diastolic pressure = 90 mm Hg, or both, that antedates pregnancy, is present before the 20 weeks of pregnancy, or persists longer than 12 weeks postpartum. Superimposed preeclampsia is diagnosed when a woman with preexisting hypertension develops new onset proteinuria after 20 weeks of gestation. Gestational hypertension refers to hypertension (usually mild) without proteinuria (or other signs of preeclampsia) developing in the latter part of pregnancy. It should resolve by 12 weeks postpartum. Preeclampsia is a syndrome characterized by maternal endothelial cell dysfunction. Oxidative stress, inflammation, circulatory maladaptation, as well as humoral, mineral, or metabolic abnormalities all appear to play a role in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia. Newer studies suggest that placental release of circulating factors that interfere with the action of vascular endothelial growth factor and placental growth factor plays a central role in its presentation. In this review, classification and pathophysiology of preeclampsia with its severe forms, eclampsia and HELLP syndrome, are discussed.

Key words
preeclampsia, eclampsia, HELLP syndrome, hypertension


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Especialidades
Principal: Obstetricia y Ginecología
Relacionadas: Bioquímica, Cardiología, Diagnóstico por Laboratorio



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Ali Cetin, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cumhuriyet University School of Medicine, 58140, Sivas, Turquía
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