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ALTERACIONES MOLECULARES DE LAS LESIONES TISULARES INDUCIDAS POR LA HIPERGLUCEMIA CRONICA

(especial para SIIC © Derechos reservados)
El conocimiento de los mecanismos bioquímicos que llevan a las complicaciones microvasculares y macrovasculares en la diabetes es útil para facilitar la selección y diseño de nuevas estrategias de prevención y tratamiento.
Autor:
Margarita Díaz flores
Columnista Experto de SIIC
Artículos publicados por Margarita Díaz flores
Coautores
Margarita Eugenia Gutiérrez Rodríguez* Clara Ortega Camarillo* Miguel Cruz* María Guadalupe Martínez Hernández** Luis Arturo Baiza Gutman** 
Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), México DF, México*
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México DF, México**
Recepción del artículo
1 de Noviembre, 2006
Aprobación
23 de Febrero, 2007
Primera edición
10 de Mayo, 2007
Segunda edición, ampliada y corregida
7 de Junio, 2021

Resumen
La hiperglucemia crónica conduce a diversas complicaciones microvasculares y macrovasculares que dañan distintos órganos y son responsables de la morbimortalidad y el alto costo económico ocasionados por la diabetes mellitus. El propósito del presente trabajo es difundir el conocimiento de los mecanismos bioquímicos que llevan a estas complicaciones, para facilitar la selección y diseño de nuevas estrategias en su prevención y tratamiento. Cuando aumenta la concentración de glucosa ésta reacciona rápidamente con macromoléculas mediante un proceso no enzimático conocido como glucación; y su metabolismo favorece la acumulación de metabolitos como fructosa, sorbitol, triosas fosfato, diacilglicerol, glucosamina y N-acetilglucosamina, además de alterar la función del retículo endoplásmico y de las mitocondrias. El diacilglicerol y los α-oxoaldehídos derivan de las triosas fosfato, intermediarios de la glucólisis. El primero activa la proteína cinasa C y los segundos modifican la estructura y función de proteínas por tener una acción más potente que la glucosa. Estos eventos generan estrés oxidativo debido a la formación de especies reactivas de oxígeno y falla en los sistemas antioxidantes. Finalmente, todo implica alteraciones en la transducción de señales, activación de factores transcripcionales y cambios en la expresión genética causantes de los daños tisulares característicos de las complicaciones diabéticas.

Palabras clave
diabetes mellitus, AGE, estrés oxidativo, sorbitol, diacilglicerol, proteína cinasa C, hexosaminas, complicaciones crónicas


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Abstract
Chronic hyperglycemia leads to diverse micro- and macrovascular complications that damage distant organs and are responsible for its related morbidity and mortality rates and high economic costs associated to diabetes mellitus. The aim of this study is to describe the biochemical mechanisms leading to these complications, in order to better select and design new strategies for their prevention and treatment. When the concentration of glucose is high it reacts faster with macromolecules through a non-enzymatic process known as glycation and its metabolism favors the accumulation of metabolites such as fructose, sorbitol, diacylglycerol, glucosamine and N-acetylglucosamine, in addition to altering the function of the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. The diacylglycerol and the a-oxoaldehydes are derived from the triose phosphates, intermediaries of glycolysis. The first one activates protein kinase C and the second ones modify the structure and function of proteins by having a more potent glycating action than glucose. These events generate oxidative stress due to the formation of reactive oxygen species and to the failure of the anti- oxidative systems. Finally, all this induces changes in signal transduction and activation of transcriptional factors. It also modifies the expression of genes, causing the characteristic tissue damage often seen in diabetic complications.

Key words
diabetes mellitus, AGEs, RAGE, sorbitol, proteín kinase C, hexosamines, oxidative stress, chronic complications


Clasificación en siicsalud
Artículos originales > Expertos de Iberoamérica >
página   www.siicsalud.com/des/expertocompleto.php/

Especialidades
Principal: Bioquímica, Diabetología
Relacionadas: Diagnóstico por Laboratorio, Endocrinología y Metabolismo, Farmacología, Medicina Farmacéutica, Medicina Interna



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Enviar correspondencia a:
Margarita Diaz Flores, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Bioquímica, Hospital de Especialidades. CMN Siglo XXI, 06720, Av. Cuauhtemoc 330, Col. Doctores, México D.F., México
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