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PROFILAXIS CON FLUOROQUINOLONAS EN PACIENTES NEUTROPENICOS

(especial para SIIC © Derechos reservados)
La profilaxis con quinolonas, siempre y cuando la resistencia lo permita, debe ser propuesta como uso de rutina en los pacientes neutropénicos.
cruciani9.jpg Autor:
Mario Cruciani
Columnista Experto de SIIC

Institución:
Center of Preventive Medicine & HIV Outpatient Clinic


Artículos publicados por Mario Cruciani
Recepción del artículo
15 de Febrero, 2006
Aprobación
1 de Marzo, 2006
Primera edición
6 de Julio, 2006
Segunda edición, ampliada y corregida
7 de Junio, 2021

Resumen
Las fluoroquinolonas han sido extensamente estudiadas como profilaxis en los pacientes oncológicos con neutropenia. Su eficacia se revisó en diversos metaanálisis. Hasta el momento, no hay dudas acerca de que la profilaxis con fluoroquinolonas produjo una disminución en la aparición de infecciones gramnegativas en los individuos neutropénicos. Por el contrario, los beneficios de la profilaxis con fluoroquinolonas sobre otros parámetros de la morbimortalidad secundaria a la infección no fueron evidentes. En parte, la efectividad global limitada de la profilaxis con fluoroquinolonas se relaciona con la cobertura inadecuada de las bacterias grampositivas. Los resultados de un metaanálisis no avalaron el uso rutinario de cobertura frente a las bacterias grampositivas en combinación con la profilaxis con fluoroquinolonas en pacientes neutropénicos. Sin embargo, la utilización de cobertura frente a gérmenes grampositivos puede considerarse en subgrupos especiales, como las personas con neutropenia grave, mucositis oral, trasplante de médula ósea y tratamiento con altas dosis de arabinósido de citosina. Recientemente, ensayos clínicos grandes, bien realizados, confirmaron la eficacia a largo plazo de la profilaxis con fluoroquinolonas. También hay pruebas de que la profilaxis con fluoroquinolonas constituye una intervención costo-efectiva. Además, se demostró una reducción de la mortalidad en un metaanálisis reciente y en informes provenientes de los centros oncológicos de Europa se comprobó un rebote importante de las bacteriemias por patógenos gramnegativos después de la interrupción de la profilaxis con fluoroquinolonas. En vista de estos hallazgos, la profilaxis con quinolonas durante la granulocitopenia, siempre y cuando la resistencia lo permita, aún es apropiada.

Palabras clave
granulocitopenia, profilaxis antibiótica, quinolonas, cáncer


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Abstract
Fluoroquinolones have been studied extensively as prophylaxis in neutropenic cancer patients. Their efficacy has been reviewed in several meta-analyses. As yet, there is no question that prophylaxis with fluoroquinolones has led to a decrease in the occurrence of gram-negative infections in neutropenic patients. By contrast, the benefits of fluoroquinolone prophylaxis on other parameters of infection-related morbidity and on the occurrence of infection-related mortality are not evident. Part of the limited overall effectiveness of fluoroquinolone prophylaxis is related to the inadequate coverage for gram-positive bacteria. The results of a meta-analysis do not support the routine use of gram-positive coverage in combination with quinolone prophylaxis in neutropenic patients; however, the use gram-positive coverage can be considered in particular subgroups of neutropenic patients, such as those with more severe neutropenia, oral mucositis, bone marrow transplantation, and receiving high-dose cytosine arabinoside. Recent well conducted, large clinical trials confirm the long lasting efficacy of fluoroquinolones prophylaxis. There is also evidence that fluoroquinolones prophylaxis is a cost-effective intervention. Moreover, a reduction in mortality has been demonstated in a recent meta-analysis, and reports from cancer centers in Europe have shown a striking rebound of gram-negative bacteremias after discontinuation in the use of prophylaxis with fluoroquinolones. In light of the these findings, prophylaxis with a quinolone during granulocytopenia, where resistance permits, is still appropriate.

Riassunto
Negli ultimi 20 anni la profilassi delle infezioni batteriche nel paziente granulocitopenico mediante l'utilizzo di fluorchinoloni è stata ampiamente studiata. L'efficacia di tale applicazione è stata inoltre oggetto di diverse meta-analisi. Di certo si puo' affermare che l'efficacia dei fluorchinoloni nel ridurre le infezioni da gram-negativi nel paziente neutropenico è ben documentata: Per contro, i benefici della profilassi con fluorchinoloni su altri parametri di morbidita' e sulla mortalita' legata ad infezione è incerta. Parte della limitata efficacia dei fluorchinoloni in profilassi è legata all'inadeguata copertura nei confronti dei batteri gram-positivi. I risultati di una meta-analisi al riguardo non supportano l'impiego routinario dei fluorchinoloni in associazione a farmaci attivi nei confronti di gram-positivi per la profilassi del paziente granulocitopenico; tuttavia l'associazione con tali farmaci potrebbe essere presa in considerazione in alcuni sottogruppi di pazienti ad alto rischio (neutropenia particolarmente grave, trapiantati di midollo, chemioterapia con alte dosi di cytosine arabinoside). Recenti studi di ampio respiro hanno confermato l'efficacia a lungo termine della profilassi con fluorchinoloni. Vi è inoltre l'evidenza che la profilassi con fluorchinoloni nel neutropenico è un intervento costo-efficace. Inoltre, una recente meta-analisi ha evidenziato una riduzione della mortalità per infezione nei pazienti profilassati, mentre varie segnalazioni da centri Europei per la terapia del cancro evidenziano una netta ripresa delle batteriemie da gram-negativi dopo l'interruzione dell'impiego in profilassi dei fluorchinoloni. Globalmente, tutti questi dati supportano il concetto che l'impiego della profilassi con fluorchinoloni nei pazienti granulocitopenici, qualora non sussistano problemi di resistenza, è ancora attuale ed appropriato.

Key words
granulocytopenia, antibiotic prophylaxis, quinolones, cancer


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Especialidades
Principal: Infectología
Relacionadas: Atención Primaria, Farmacología, Hematología, Medicina Interna



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Mario Cruciani, Center of Preventive Medicine & HIV Outpatient Clinic, 37135, V. Germania 20, Verona, Italia
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