Artículos relacionadosArtículos relacionadosArtículos relacionados
Artículos afines de siicsalud publicados en los últimos 4 meses
ESTASIS Y EVENTOS CARDIOEMBÓLICOS
Revista Española de Cardiología :1-12
Difundido en siicsalud: 14 oct 2024
MANEJO DE LÍPIDOS DESPUÉS DE UN INFARTO AGUDO DE MIOCARDIO
Cureus 15(7):1-10
Difundido en siicsalud: 22 jul 2024

MAS RIESGOS, MENOS TRATAMIENTO: LA PARADOJA DE LOS PACIENTES ANCIANOS CON SINDROMES CORONARIOS AGUDOS

(especial para SIIC © Derechos reservados)
Análisis de las razones para esta conducta paradójica y sugerencias metodológicas para el manejo apropiado.
greco9.jpg Autor:
Cosimo angelo Greco,
Columnista Experto de SIIC

Institución:
Uo CardiologiaFazzi Ospedale Vito Fazzi di Lecce Lecce, Italy


Artículos publicados por Cosimo angelo Greco,
Coautores
Francesco Magliari, Medical Doctor, Cardiolog*  Antonio Montinaro Medical doctor, Cardiologis** 
U.O. Cardiologia/UTIC, Ospedale Vito Faz*
U.O. Cardiologia interventistica ed Emod**
Recepción del artículo
13 de Abril, 2004
Primera edición
4 de Mayo, 2005
Segunda edición, ampliada y corregida
7 de Junio, 2021

Resumen
Aunque los pacientes ancianos constituyen una población de alto riesgo, en la práctica diaria, paradójicamente, reciben terapia trombolítica y procedimientos intervencionistas con menor frecuencia que los pacientes más jóvenes. En este artículo analizamos los motivos de esta paradoja y sugerimos algunas pautas para el manejo clínico. El riesgo de sangrado con las drogas trombolíticas es el motivo principal por el cual se restringe en el anciano el tratamiento de reperfusión. La búsqueda de factores de riesgo para sangrado en cada paciente permite estratificar los pacientes en diferentes grupos o clases de riesgo. Esto puede ser de utilidad para indicar drogas trombolíticas a pacientes con riesgo de sangrado bajo y a aquellos que pueden tratarse dentro de las dos horas de iniciados los síntomas. En todos los demás debería considerarse la posibilidad de realizar una angioplastia coronaria primaria. En los pacientes añosos con angina inestable o infarto de miocardio sin elevación del ST, una estratificación del riesgo cautelosa y temprana guiará la indicación de procedimientos intervencionistas. Debe incentivarse su uso en pacientes de alto riesgo y buen estado general para que la terapia invasiva logre mejorar verdaderamente la calidad de vida de estos individuos.

Palabras clave
Infarto agudo de miocardio, angina inestable, tratamiento trombolítico, procedimiento/intervención coronaria percután


Artículo completo

(castellano)
Extensión:  +/-9.21 páginas impresas en papel A4
Exclusivo para suscriptores/assinantes

Abstract
Although elderly patients are a high risk population, paradoxically, in the clinical setting, they receive thrombolytic therapy and interventional procedures less frequently than younger patients. In this overview we analyse the reasons of this paradox and we suggest some guidelines of management. The bleeding risk of thrombolytic drugs is the main cause that restrict the reperfusion therapy in the elderly patients. The identification of risk factors for bleeding in each patient can stratify the patients in different risk classes. This may encourage thrombolytic drugs administration to patients with a low risk of bleeding and to patients who can receive treatment within two hours after symptom onset, whereas for all the others the primary coronary angioplasty should be considered. In elderly patients with unstable angina or non ST-elevation myocardial infarction, a careful and early risk stratification should guide the indication to interventional procedures. The invasive therapy should be chosen for high risk patients and for patients with no poor general conditions so that it can really improve the quality of life.RiassuntoSebbene gli anziani siano una popolazione ad alto rischio, paradossalmente nella pratica clinica ricevono la terapia trombolitica e le procedure interventistiche meno frequentemente dei pazienti più giovani. In questa rassegna analizziamo le ragioni di questo paradosso e suggeriamo alcune linee guida di trattamento. La causa principale che determina una restrizione della terapia di riperfusione nei pazienti anziani è rappresentata dal rischio di sanguinamento legato ai farmaci trombolitici. La ricerca dei fattori di rischio di sanguinamento in ciascun paziente permette di stratificare ciascun paziente in differenti classi di rischio. Ciò può aiutare a somministrare i farmaci trombolitici nei pazienti a basso rischio di sanguinamento ed in quelli che possono essere trattati entro le prime due ore dall’insorgenza del dolore, considerando diversamente per tutti gli altri l’angioplastica primaria. Nei pazienti anziani con angina instabile o infarto miocardico acuto senza sopraslivellamento del tratto ST, una precoce ed accurata stratificazione del rischio dovrebbe guidare il medico nell’indicazione alle procedure interventistiche. Queste dovrebbero essere eseguite in pazienti ad alto rischio e senza condizioni generali precarie così che la terapia invasiva possa realmente migliorare la qualità della vita.

Key words
Acute myocardial infarction, unstable angina, thrombolytic therapy, percutaneous, coronary intervention, elderly


Full text
(english)
para suscriptores/ assinantes

Clasificación en siicsalud
Artículos originales > Expertos del Mundo >
página   www.siicsalud.com/des/expertocompleto.php/

Especialidades
Principal: Cardiología, Geriatría
Relacionadas: Atención Primaria, Bioética, Cuidados Intensivos, Medicina Familiar, Medicina Interna, Salud Pública



Comprar este artículo
Extensión: 9.21 páginas impresas en papel A4

file05.gif (1491 bytes) Artículos seleccionados para su compra



Enviar correspondencia a:
Greco, Cosimo Angelo
Bibliografía del artículo
  1. Udvarhelyi IS, Gatsonis C, Epstein AM, et al. Acute myocardial infarction in the Medicare population. Process of care and clinical outcomes. JAMA 1992; 268: 2530-2536.
  2. Imazio M, Bobbio M, Bergerone S, et al. Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of juvenile myocardial infarction in Italy: the GISSI experience. G Ital Cardiol 1998; 28:505-512.
  3. Maggioni AP, Maseri A, Fresco C, et al. On behalf of the Investigators of the Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell’Infarto Miocardico (GISSI-2): Age-related increase in mortality among patients with first myocardial infarctions treated with thrombolysis. N Engl J Med 1993;329:1442-1448.
  4. Lee KL, Woodlief LH, Topol EJ, et al. For the GUSTO-1 investigators. Predictors of 30-day mortality in the era of reperfusion for acute myocardial infarction: results from an international trial of 41.021 patients. Circulation 1995;91:165-168.
  5. Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell’Infarto Miocardico: GISSI-3: effects of lisinopril and transdermal glyceryl trinitrate singly and together on 6-week mortality and ventricular function after acute myocardial infarction. Lancet 1994;343:1115-1122.
  6. ISIS-4 collaborative group: A randomised factorial trial assessing early oral captopril, oral mononitrate, and intravenous magnesium sulphate in 58050 patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction. Lancet 1995; 345: 669-85.
  7. Marchioli R, Avanzini F, Barzi F, et al. on behalf of GISSI-Prevenzione Investigators. Assessment of absolute risk of death after myocardial infarction by use of multiple-risk-factor assessment equations. GISSI-Prevenzione mortality risk chart. Eur Heart J 2001 ; 22: 2085-2103
  8. McLaughlin TJ, Soumerai SB, Willison DJ, et al. Adherence to National guidelines for Drug treatment of suspected acute myocardial infarction. Evidence for undertreatment in women and the elderly. Arch Intern Med 1996; 156:799-805
  9. European Secondary Prevention Study Group. Translation of clinical trials into practice: a European population-based study of the use of thrombolysis for acute myocardial infarction. Lancet 1996 ;347 :1203-1207.
  10. Krumholz HM, Murillo JE, Chen J, et al. Thrombolytic therapy for eligible elderly patients with acute myocardial infarction. JAMA 1997;277:1683-1688.
  11. Barakat K, Wilkinson P, Deaner A, et al. How should age affect management of acute myocardial infarction A prospective cohort study. Lancet 1999;353:955-959.
  12. Hawkins CM, Richardson DW, Vokonas PS, Effect of propranolol in older myocardial infarction patients. The beta-blocker heart attack trial experience. Circulation 1983 ; 67 :194-197.
  13. Soumerai SB, McLaughlin TJ, Spiegelman D, et al. Adverse outcomes of underuse of -blockers in elderly survivors of acute myocardial infarction. JAMA 1997; 277:115-121.
  14. Krumholz HM, Radford MJ, Wang Y, et al. National use and effectiveness of beta-blockers for the treatment of elderly patients after acute myocardial infarction: national Cooperative Cardiovascular Project. JAMA 1998; 280:623-9.
  15. European Secondary Prevention Study Group. Translation of clinical trials into practice: a European population-based study of the use of thrombolysis for acute myocardial infarction. Lancet 1996; 347: 1203-7
  16. Fibrinolytic Therapy Trialists’ (FTT) Collaborative Group. Indications for fibrinolytic therapy in suspected acute myocardial infarction: collaborative overview of early mortality and major morbidity results from all randomised trials of more than 1000 patients. Lancet 1994;343:311-322
  17. White HD, Barbash GI, Califf RM, et al. For the GUSTO-1 Investigators. Age and outcome with contemporary thrombolytic therapy. Circulation 1996;94:1826-1833
  18. Baigent C, Collins R. ISIS-2: 4-year mortality follow up of 17.187 patients after fibrinolytic and antiplatelet therapy in suspected acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 1993;88 (suppl): 1-291.
  19. Reperfusion Therapy Consensus Group. Selection of reperfusion therapy for individual patients with evolving myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J 1997; 18: 1371-81
  20. Krumholz HM, Pasternak RC, Weinsein MC, et al. Cost effectiveness of thrombolytic therapy with streptokinase in elderly patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 1992;327:7-13.
  21. Ramanathan K, Ellis CJ, White HD. Thrombolytic therapy in the elderly. Pharmacoeconomic considerations. Drugs and Aging 1996; 8: 237-44.
  22. Ryan TJ, Anderson JL, Antman EM, et al. ACC/AHA guidelines for the management of patients with acute myocardial infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on Management of Acute Myocardial Infarction). J Am Coll Cardiol. 1996; 28:1328-1428.
  23. Ryan TJ, Antman EM, Brooks NH, et al.1999 update: ACC/AHA Guidelines for the management of patients with acute myocardial infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on Management of Acute Myocardial Infarction). J Am Coll Cardiol 1999; 34:890-911.
  24. Hannaford PC, Kay CR, Ferry S. Ageism as an explanation for sexism in thrombolysis. BMJ 1994;309:573
  25. Ellerbeck EF, Jencks, Radford MJ, et al. Treatment of Medicare patients with acute myocardial infarction: report on a four-state pilot of the Cooperative Cardiovascular Project. JAMA 1995;273:1509-1514
  26. Eagle KA, Goodman SG, Avezum A, et al., for the GRACE Investigators. Practice variation and missed opportunities for reperfusion in ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction: findings from the Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events (GRACE). Lancet 2002; 359:373-377.
  27. Gurwitz JH, Gore JM, Goldberg RJ, et al. Recent age-related trends in the use of thrombolytic therapy on patients who have had acute myocardial infarction. Ann Intern Med 1996; 124:283-291.
  28. Maggioni AP, Franzosi MG, Santoro E, et al for the Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell’Infarto Miocardico II (GISSI-2), and the International Study Group. The risk of stroke in patients with acute myocardial infarction after thrombolytic and antithrombotic treatment. N Engl J Med 1992;327:1-6.
  29. Simoons ML, Maggioni AP, Knatterud G, et al. Individual risk assessment for intracranial haemorrhage during thrombolytic therapy. Lancet 1993; 342:1523-1528.
  30. Brass LM, Lichtman JH, Wang Y, et al. Intracranial hemorrhage associated with thrombolytic therapy for elderly patients with acute myocardial infarction. Results from the cooperative cardiovascular project. Stroke 2000; 31:1802-1811.
  31. The GUSTO V Investigators. Reperfusion therapy for acute myocardial infarction with fibrinolytic therapy or combination reduced fibrinolytic therapy and platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibition: the GUSTO V randomised trial. Lancet 2001; 357: 1905-14.
  32. Boersma E, Mercado N, Poldermans D, et al. Acute Myocardial Infarction. Lancet 2003; 361: 847-858
  33. Weaver WD, Simes RJ, Betriu A, et al. Comparison of primary coronary angioplasty and intravenous thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction: a quantitative review. JAMA 1997; 278:2093-8.
  34. Tiefenbrunn AJ, Chandra NC, French WJ, et al. Clinical experience with primary percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty compared with alteplase (recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator) in patients with acute myocardial infarction: a report from the Second National Registry of Myocardial Infarction (NRMI-2). J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998;31:1240-1245.
  35. Berger AK, Schulman KA, Gersh BJ, et al. Primary coronary angioplasty vs thrombolysis for the management of acute myocardial infarction in elderly patients. JAMA 1999; 282:341-8.
  36. Berger AK, Radford MJ, Wang Y, Krumholz HM. Thrombolytic therapy in older patients. J Am Coll Cardiol; 2000; 36: 366-74.
  37. HD White. Thrombolytic therapy in the elderly. Lancet 2000; 356: 2028-30.
  38. Stenestrand U, Walentin L. for the Register of Information and Knowledge About Swedish Heart Intensive Care Admissions (RIKS-HIA). Fibrinolytic therapy in patients 75 olders and older with ST-segment-elevetion myocardial infarction. Arch Intern Med 2003; 163:965-971
  39. Thiemann DR, Coresh J, Schulman SP, et al. Lack of benefit for intravenous thrombolysis in patients with myocardial infarction who are older than 75 years. Circulation 2000; 101:2239-2246.
  40. Ayanian JZ, Braunwald E. Thrombolytic therapy for patients with myocardial infarction who are older than 75 years. Do the risks outweigh the benefits Editorial. Circulation 2000; 101:2224-2226.
  41. Keeley EC, Boura JA, Grines CL. Primary angioplasty versus intravenous thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction : a quantitative review of 23 randomised trials. Lancet 2003; 361:13-20
  42. Grines C, Patel A, Zijlstra F. et al. Primary coronary angioplasty compared with intravenous thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction: six month follow-up and analysis of individual patient data from randomised trials. Am Heart J 2003; 145: 47-57.
  43. Dalby M, Bouzamondo A, Lechat PH, et al. Transfer for primary angioplasty versus immediate thrombolysis in acute myocardial infarction: a meta-analysis. Circulation 2003; 108:1809-1814
  44. Milavetz JJ, Giebel DW, Christian TF, et al. Time to therapy and salvage in myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998; 31:1246-1251.
  45. Zijlstra F, Patel A, Jones M, et al. Clinical characteristics and outcome of patients with early (<2h), intermediate (2-4 h) and late (>4 h) presentation treated by primary coronary angioplasty or thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J 2002; 23:550-557.
  46. Schomig A, Ndrepepa G, Mehilli J et al. Therapy-dependent influence of time-to-treatment interval on myocardial salvage in patients with acute myocardial infarction treated with coronary artery stenting or thrombolysis. Circulation 2003; 108:1084-1088.
  47. Giugliano RP, Braunwald E. Selecting the best reperfusion strategy in ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction. It’s all a matter of time. Circulation 2003; 108: 2828-2830
  48. Boersma E, Maas AC, Deckers JW, et al. Early thrombolytic treatment in acute myocardial infarction: reappraisal of the golden hour. Lancet 1996; 348:771-775
  49. Steg PG, Bonnefoy E, Chabaud S, et al. Impact of time to treatment on mortality after prehospital fibrinolysis or primary angioplasty: data from mortality after prehospital fibrinolysis or primary angioplasty: data from the CAPTIM randomised clinical trial. Circulation 2003; 108: 2851-2856
  50. De Boer MJ, Ottervanger JP, van’t Hof AW, et al. Reperfusion therapy in elderly patients with acute myocardial infarction : a randomized comparison of primary angioplasty and thrombolytic therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002; 39:1723-1728.
  51. Weaver WD. All Hospitals are not equal for treatment of patients with acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 2003; 108: 1768-1771
  52. Henriques JP, ZiJlstra F, Ottervanger JP, et al. Incidence and clinical significance of distal embolization during primary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J 2002; 23: 1112-1117.
  53. De Luca G, Suryapranata H, Ottervanger JP, et al. Time delay to treatment and mortality in primary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction. Every minute of delay counts. Circulation 2004; 109: 1223-1225.
  54. Antoniucci D, Valenti R, Migliorini A, et al. Relation of time to treatment and mortality in patients with acute myocardial infarction undergoing primary coronary angioplasty. Am J Cardiol 2002; 89: 1248-1252.
  55. Brodie BR, Stuckey TD, Muncy DB, et al. Importance of time-to-reperfusion in patients with acute myocardial infarction with and without cardiogenic shock treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention. Am Heart J. 2003; 145: 708-715
  56. De Luca G, Suryapranata H, Zijlstra F, et al. Symptom-onset-to-balloon time and mortality in patients with acute myocardial infarction treated by primary angioplasty. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003; 42: 991-997.
  57. Braunwald E, Antman EM, Beasley JW, et al. ACC/AHA guideline update for the management of patients with unstable angina and non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction-2002: summary article. A report of the ACC/AHA task force on practice guidelines (committee on the management of patients with unstable angina). Circulation 2002 available at: http://www.circulationaha.org.
  58. Bertrand ME, Simoons ML, Fox KAA, et al. the Task Force on the management of acute coronary syndromes of the European Society of Cardiology. Management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation. Eur Heart J 2002; 23: 1809-1840.
  59. Boden WE, O’Rourke RA, Crawford MH, et al for the Veterans Affairs Non-Q-Wave Infarction Strategies in Hospital (VANQWISH) Trial Investigators. Outcomes in patients with acute non-Q-wave myocardial infarction randomly assigned to an invasive as compared with a conservative management strategy. N Engl J Med 1998; 338: 1785-92.
  60. Boersma E, Harrington RA, Moliterno DJ, et al. Platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors in acute coronary syndromes: a meta-analysis of all major randomized clinical trials. Lancet 2002; 359:189-198
  61. Fragmin and Fast Revascularisation during InStability in Coronary artery disease (FRISC II) Investigators. Invasive compared with non-invasive treatment in unstable coronary-artery disease: FRISC II prospective randomised multicentre study. Lancet 1999;354:708-715.
  62. Wallentin L, Lagerqvist B, Husted S, et al. Outcome at 1 year after an invasive compared with a non-invasive strategy in unstable coronary artery disease: the FRISC II invasive randomised trial. Lancet 2000; 356: 9-16.
  63. Antman EM, Cohen M, Bernink PJLM, et al. The TIMI risk score for unstable angina/non-ST elevation MI: a method for prognostication and therapeutic decision making. JAMA 2000;284:835-42.
  64. Boden WE, McKay RG. Optimal treatment of acute coronary syndromes – an evolving strategy. N Engl J Med 2001; 344: 1939-1942.
  65. Cannon CP, Weintraub WS, Demopoulos LA, et al. for the TACTICS-Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction 18 Investigators. Comparison of early invasive and conservative strategies in patients with unstable coronary syndromes treated with the glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor tirofiban. N Engl J Med 2001; 344:1879-87.
  66. Neumann fJ, Kastrati A, Pogatsa-Murray G, et al. Evaluation of prolonged antithrombotic pre-treatment (“Cooling-Off” strategy) before intervention in patients with unstable coronary syndromes. A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2003; 290:1593-1599.

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Está expresamente prohibida la redistribución y la redifusión de todo o parte de los contenidos de la Sociedad Iberoamericana de Información Científica (SIIC) S.A. sin previo y expreso consentimiento de SIIC.
Artículos relacionadosMás relacionadosAtículos relacionados
ALIROCUMAB Y FUNCIÓN DEL ENDOTELIO EN PACIENTES CON INFARTO AGUDO DE MIOCARDIO
Atherosclerosis 392(117504):1-11
Difundido en siicsalud: 6 sep 2024
ua31618
Home

Copyright siicsalud © 1997-2024 ISSN siicsalud: 1667-9008