EL PAPEL DE LOS MODIFICADORES DE LEUCOTRIENOS EN EL TRATAMIENTO DEL ASMA INDUCIDA POR ASPIRINA

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Los modificadores de leucotrienos, independientemente de la gravedad de la enfermedad, podrían mejorar los síntomas en pacientes con asma inducida por aspirina, pero no son un tratamiento efectivo para evitar la sensibilidad a la aspirina y a los antiinflamatorios no esteroides. A tal efecto se debe utilizar un plan de desensibilización en centros especializados. Los inhibidores selectivos de la COX-2 parecen ser una opción interesante para el tratamiento de estos pacientes.
obase.jpg Autor:
Yasushi Obase
Columnista Experto de SIIC
Artículos publicados por Yasushi Obase
Coautores
Hiroto Matsusex* Terufumi Shimoda** Shigeru Kohno*** 
MD, PhD, Hiroto Nagasaki University School of Medicine*
MD, PhD, Clinical Research Center, National Minami Fukuoka Hospital**
MD, PhD, Nagasaki University School of Medicine***
Recepción del artículo
25 de Junio, 2003
Aprobación
29 de Agosto, 2003
Primera edición
6 de Octubre, 2003
Segunda edición, ampliada y corregida
7 de Junio, 2021

Resumen
Las aspirinas y los antiinflamatorios no esteroides (AINE) causan exacerbaciones de asma en aproximadamente el 10% de los asmáticos adultos. Para diagnosticar el asma inducida por aspirina (AIA) se puede llevar a cabo una prueba de provocación, que se efectúa solamente en instalaciones con médicos especializados. Las diferencias exactas en la patogenia del AIA y de las otras formas de asma no han sido todavía totalmente aclaradas. La interacción de la aspirina y los AINE con el metabolismo del ácido araquidónico en los pulmones se relaciona con el mecanismo del AIA; la inhibición de la ciclooxigenasa se acompaña de sobreproducción de cisteinil leucotrienos, que junto al freno impuesto por el efecto broncodilatador de la prostaglandina E2 puede causar crisis asmáticas en los pacientes con AIA. Ya que los leucotrienos (LT) juegan un importante papel en el AIA, los modificadores de leucotrienos pueden ser la medicación adecuada para el control a largo plazo de pacientes con AIA. Se ha confirmado un efecto aditivo de los modificadores de leucotrienos en pacientes con AIA previamente tratados con corticosteroides inhalatorios. Sin embargo, esto no significa que los AINE y la aspirina puedan ser utilizados con seguridad en los pacientes con AIA tratados con modificadores de leucotrienos. Cuando los pacientes con AIA necesitan de estas drogas por su efecto analgésico, el médico debería utilizar un inhibidor selectivo de la COX-2. A pesar de ello, los efectos de la inhibición de la COX-2 a largo plazo no han sido aún totalmente aclarados. Para clarificar cómo se adquiere y cómo se activa la reacción de intolerancia en algunos individuos, se requiere más investigación sobre los mecanismos celulares y moleculares.

Palabras clave
Asma inducida por aspirina, leucotrienos, prueba de provocación, ciclooxigenasa


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Extensión:  +/-9.55 páginas impresas en papel A4
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Abstract
Aspirin (ASA) and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) cause asthma exacerbations in around 10% of adults with asthma. To diagnose AIA, a challenge test is performed only in facilities with experienced physicians. The exact differences of pathogenesis between AIA and other type of asthma are not fully revealed yet. The interference of ASA/NSAIDs with arachidonic acid metabolism in the lungs are involved with mechanism of AIA; inhibition of cyclooxygenase is accompanied by overproduction of cysteinyl leukotrienes (cys-LTs), together with the "brake" imposed by the bronchodilator prostaglandin E2 may cause asthma attack in AIA patients. Since LT plays an important role in AIA, LT modifiers may be the preferred medication for long-term control of patients with AIA. Add-on efficacy of LT modifiers has been confirmed in AIA patients already treated with inhaled corticosteroid. However, these do not mean that ASA/NSAIDs can be safely taken by AIA patients on LT modifiers. When AIA patients require ASA/NSAIDs for analgesic effect, the physician should use a COX-2 selective inhibitor. However, the effects of long-term inhibition of COX-2 are not yet fully clarified. To clarify how the intolerance reaction is acquired and triggered in some individuals, more research on cellular and molecular mechanisms is required.

Key words
Asma inducida por aspirina, leucotrienos, prueba de provocación, ciclooxigenasa


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Especialidades
Principal: Alergia
Relacionadas: Farmacología, Inmunología, Medicina Interna, Neumonología



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