ANALIZAN DIFERENTES ESTRATEGIAS DE REPERFUSION TEMPRANA LUEGO DEL INFARTO DE MIOCARDIO

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Comparación entre los efectos de la fibrinólisis prehospitalaria, la intervención percutánea coronaria facilitada y directa en la reperfusión temprana del miocardio evaluada mediante la resolución del segmento ST.
Autor:
Ingo Eitel
Columnista Experto de SIIC

Institución:
University of Leipzig - Heart Center


Artículos publicados por Ingo Eitel
Coautores
Gerhard Schuler* Holger Thiele* 
MD, University of Leipzig - Heart Center, Leipzig, Alemania*
Recepción del artículo
11 de Julio, 2008
Aprobación
18 de Septiembre, 2008
Primera edición
5 de Noviembre, 2009
Segunda edición, ampliada y corregida
7 de Junio, 2021

Resumen
Antecedentes: La resolución completa del segmento ST (RST) está asociada a un pronóstico favorable en el infarto agudo de miocardio con elevación del segmento ST (IAMCEST). La estrategia óptima de reperfusión en pacientes atendidos rápidamente luego del inicio de los síntomas de IAMCEST es aun materia de debate. Hasta el momento, hay pocos estudios que comparan el efecto la fibrinólisis prehospitalaria, la intervención percutánea coronaria facilitada (IPC) y la IPC en la reperfusión precoz del miocardio evaluada mediante RST. El objetivo de esta revisión, por lo tanto, fue evaluar el alcance de la RST temprana y el pronóstico de las diferentes estrategias de reperfusión. Métodos: Encontramos 14 investigaciones de pacientes con IAMCEST que tenían información sobre RST, a los que se les realizó fibrinólisis prehospitalaria, IPC facilitada o IPC directa entre 2000 y 2008. Resultados: En conjunto, los 14 estudios aleatorizados evlauaron 6 621 pacientes (3 605 recibieron IPC facilitada, 2 934 IPC directa, y 182, fibrinólisis prehospitalaria). Los agentes facilitadores fueron: inhibidores de la glucoproteína IIb/IIIa plaquetaria en nueve estudios (1 589 pacientes), fibrinólisis en tres (1 037 pacientes), y la combinación de inhibidores de la glucoproteína IIb/IIIa plaquetaria más dosis reducidas de fibrinolíticos en tres (979 pacientes). Se encontró información disponible de la RST, en 4 337 pacientes (2 182 con IPC facilitada, 1 973 con IPC directa, 182 con fibrinólisis prehospitalaria). En ocho investigaciones, luego de la IPC no se observaron diferencias significativas en la RST entre la IPC facilitada y la IPC directa, mientras que en seis ensayos se informó la mejora significativa en la RST en la forma facilitada. El rango de RST, antes de la IPC, se encontraba en la IPC facilitada entre 14%-44% vs. 8%-31% en el grupo de IPC directa y luego de la IPC entre 39%-80% vs. 22%-67%, respectivamente. Los pacientes tratados con fibrinólisis prehospitalaria tuvieron una RST temprana y completa entre 52%-61%. Además se confirma que la RST predice bajas tasas de mortalidad con estrategias de reperfusión a tiempo. Conclusión: Los pacientes que fueron sometidos a IPC facilitada tuvieron significativamente mayores probabilidades de lograr la RST antes de la cateterización y luego de la IPC, en comparación con la IPC directa. Sin embargo, en la mayoría de las investigaciones la reperfusión temprana luego de la IPC facilitada no mejoró significativamente la respuesta. Los resultados de los ensayos clínicos en curso en pacientes con IAMCEST atendidos precozmente (< 3 horas) luego del inicio de los síntomas y tratados con antitrombóticos más eficaces brindarán orientación sobre la utilidad de la estrategia de la IPC facilitada.

Palabras clave
resolución segmento ST, infarto de miocardio, intervención percutánea facilitada


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Abstract
Background: Complete ST-segment resolution (STR) is associated with favorable prognosis in ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). The optimal reperfusion strategy in patients with STEMI presenting soon after symptom-onset is still a matter of debate. So far, there are only a few studies comparing the effect of prehospital fibrinolysis, facilitated percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and primary PCI on early myocardial reperfusion assessed by STR. The objective of this review was therefore to evaluate the extent of early STR and prognosis in different reperfusion strategies. Methods: From 2000 to 2008 we identified 14 trials of patients with STEMI reporting STR data assigned to prehospital fibrinolysis, facilitated or primary PCI. Results: Together, these 14 trials randomly assigned 6 621 patients (3 605 to facilitated PCI, 2 834 to primary PCI and 182 to prehospital fibrinolysis). The facilitation agents were platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors in nine (1 589 patients), fibrinolysis in three (1 037 patients), and the combination of platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors plus reduced-dose fibrinolysis in three trials (979 patients). STR data was available in 4 337 patients (2 182 facilitated PCI, 1 973 primary PCI, 182 prehospital fibrinolysis). After PCI no significant difference in STR between facilitated PCI and primary PCI was reported in eight trials, whereas six trials reported significant improvement in STR in the facilitated approach. The range of complete STR prior PCI in facilitated PCI ranged from 14-44% versus 8-31% in the primary PCI group and after PCI from 39-80% versus 22-67%. Patients with prehospital fibrinolysis had complete early STR in 52-61%. In addition, STR has been confirmed to predict low mortality rates in timely optimized reperfusion strategies. Conclusion: Patients undergoing facilitated PCI were significantly more likely to achieve STR prior to catheterization and after PCI as compared to primary PCI. However, in most trials enhanced early reperfusion after facilitated PCI did not significantly improve outcomes. Results from ongoing clinical trials in STEMI patients presenting early (< 3 hours) after symptom-onset with more effective antithrombotic co-therapy will provide guidance regarding the utility of a facilitated PCI strategy.

Key words
ST-segment resolution, myocardial infarction, facilitated percutaneous coronary intervention


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Especialidades
Principal: Cardiología
Relacionadas: Cuidados Intensivos, Geriatría, Medicina Interna



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Ingo Eitel, University of Leipzig - Heart Center Department of Internal Medicine - Cardiology, 04289, Strümpellstr. 39, Leipzig, Alemania
Bibliografía del artículo

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