Expertos Invitados





REVISION ACTUALIZADA DEL VIRUS DE LA HEPATITIS E

(especial para SIIC © Derechos reservados)
La consideración de la hepatitis E en los países desarrollados como una zoonosis supone un giro conceptual que hace necesario revisar esta entidad desde una perspectiva distinta.
perezgracia9.jpg Autor:
María teresa Pérez gracia
Columnista Experto de SIIC

Institución:
Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera

Artículos publicados por María teresa Pérez gracia
Recepción del artículo
10 de Mayo, 2006 		Aprobación
26 de Julio, 2006
Primera edición
2 de Agosto, 2007 		Segunda edición, ampliada y corregida
7 de Junio, 2021

REVISION ACTUALIZADA DEL VIRUS DE LA HEPATITIS E

Resumen
La hepatitis E ha sido considerada desde su primera descripción como una enfermedad con un patrón epidemiológico vinculado con el consumo de agua y alimentos contaminados, de modo similar a la hepatitis A, y con una prevalencia superior en zonas geográficas con condiciones sociosanitarias deficientes. La introducción de técnicas moleculares aportó los datos necesarios para demostrar que en los países desarrollados la infección por el virus de la hepatitis E es frecuente, tiene carácter autóctono y un patrón epidemiológico distinto, asociada al contacto con animales domésticos, especialmente el cerdo. La consideración de la hepatitis E en los países desarrollados como una zoonosis supone un giro conceptual interesante que hace necesario revisar esta entidad clínica desde una perspectiva distinta de la que se venía utilizando. Esta revisión resume el conocimiento actual en la biología, la estructura y la transmisión del virus, así como el diagnóstico de la infección, y describe el estado actual en áreas con una incidencia baja de hepatitis aguda E y el papel de los animales como vectores potenciales del virus.

Palabras clave
hepatitis E, virus hepatitis E, zoonosis


Artículo completo
(castellano)
Extensión:  +/-8.66 páginas impresas en papel A4
Exclusivo para suscriptores/assinantes

Update on Information Regarding Hepatitis E Virus

Abstract
Hepatitis E infection has been considered from its first description as a disease with an epidemiologic pattern related to the consumption of waste water and contaminated food, similarly to hepatitis A infection. Hepatitis E prevalence is higher in poor sanitary conditioned areas. The use of molecular techniques has contributed to obtain valuable information about the epidemiology of hepatitis E in developed countries. In these areas, hepatitis E virus infection shows a different pattern, and it has been linked to the contact with domestic animals, especially pigs. The role of hepatitis E in industrialized countries as a possible zoonosis implies a new and interesting approach of this disease. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the biology, structure and transmission of the virus as well as the diagnosis of the infection. Additionally, this review describes the current status of HE infection in areas with a low incidence of acute hepatitis E and the role of animals as potential reservoirs for HEV.

Key words
hepatitis E, hepatitis E virus, zoonosis

Clasificación en siicsalud
Artículos originales > Expertos de Iberoamérica >
página   www.siicsalud.com/des/expertocompleto.php/

Especialidades
Principal: Infectología
Relacionadas: Bioquímica, Diagnóstico por Laboratorio, Epidemiología, Gastroenterología, Inmunología, Medicina Interna, Salud Pública



Comprar este artículo
Extensión: 8.66 páginas impresas en papel A4

file05.gif (1491 bytes) Artículos seleccionados para su compra



Enviar correspondencia a:
María Teresa Pérez Gracia, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, 46113, Seminario s/n, Moncada, España
Patrocinio y reconocimiento:
Este trabajo ha sido posible gracias a los proyectos financiados por la Generalitat Valenciana (GV05/132), Escuela Valenciana para Estudios de la Salud (Consellería de Sanidad, 053/2005) y la Universidad Cardenal Herrera CEU (PRUCH 04/8 y PRUCH 06/21).
Bibliografía del artículo
1. Tam AW, Smith MM, Guerra ME et al. Hepatitis E virus (HEV): molecular cloning and sequencing of the full- length viral genome. Virology 185:120-31, 1991.
2. Huang CC, Nguyen D, Fernández J et al. Molecular cloning and sequencing of the Mexico isolate of hepatitis E virus (HEV). Virology 191:550-58, 1992.
3. Tsarev SA, Emerson SU, Reyes GR et al. Characterization of a prototype strain of hepatitis E virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89:559-63, 1992.
4. Aye TT, Uchida T, Ma XZ et al. Complete nucleotide sequence of a hepatitis E virus isolated from the Xinjiang epidemic (1986-1988) of China. Nucleic Acids Res 20:3512, 1992.
5. Panda SK, Nanda SK, Zafrullah M, Ansari IH, Ozdener MH, Jameel S. An Indian strain of hepatitis E virus (HEV): cloning, sequence, and expression of structural region and antibody responses in sera from individuals from an area of high-level HEV endemicity. J Clin Microbiol 33:2653-59, 1995.
6. Zafrullah M, Ozdener MH, Kumar R, Panda SK, Jameel S. Mutational analysis of glycosylation, membrane translocation, and cell surface expression of the hepatitis E virus ORF2 protein. J Virol 73(5):4074-4082, 1999.
7. Yarbough PO, Tam AW, Fry KE, Krawczynski K, McCaustland KA, Bradley DW et al. Hepatitis E virus: identification of type-common epitopes. J Virol 65(11):5790-5797, 1991.
8. Zafrullah M, Ozdener MH, Panda SK, Jameel S. The ORF3 protein of hepatitis E virus is a phosphoprotein that associates with the cytoskeleton. J Virol 71(12):9045-9053, 1997.
9. Khudyakov YE, Favorov MO, Khudyakova NS et al. Artificial mosaic protein containing antigenic epitopes of hepatitis E virus. J Virol 68:7067-74, 1994.
10. Tam AW, White R, Reed E et al. In vitro propagation and production of hepatitis E virus from in vivo- infected primary macaque hepatocytes. Virology 215:1-9, 1996.
11. Green KY, Ando T, Balayan MS et al. Taxonomy of the caliciviruses. J Infect Dis 181(Suppl 2):S322-S330, 2000.
12. Berke T, Matson DO. Reclassification of the Caliciviridae into distinct genera and exclusion of hepatitis E virus from the family on the basis of comparative phylogenetic analysis. Arch Virol 145:1421-36, 2000.
13. Mayo MA. Changes to virus taxonomy 2004. Arch Virol 105:189-198, 2005.
14. Schlauder GG, Mushahwar IK. Genetic heterogeneity of hepatitis E virus. J Med Virol 65:282-92, 2001.
15. Erker JC, Desai SM, Schlauder GG, Dawson GJ, Mushahwar IK. A hepatitis E virus variant from the United States: molecular characterization and transmission in cynomolgus macaques. J Gen Virol 80(Pt 3):681-90, 1999.
16. Schlauder GG, Mushahwar IK. Genetic heterogeneity of hepatitis E virus. J Med Virol 65(2):282-92, 2001.
17. Schlauder GG, Frider B, Sookoian S, Castano GC, Mushahwar IK. Identification of 2 novel isolates of hepatitis E virus in Argentina. J Infect Dis 182(1):294-7, 2000.
18. Schlauder GG, Desai SM, Zanetti AR, Tassopoulos NC, Mushahwar IK. Novel hepatitis E virus (HEV) isolates from Europe: evidence for additional genotypes of HEV. J Med Virol 57(3):243-51, 1999.
19. Tsarev SA, Binn LN, Gomatos PJ et al. Phylogenetic analysis of hepatitis E virus isolates from Egypt. J Med Virol 57(1):68-74, 1999.
20. Van Cuyck-Gandre H, Zhang HY, Tsarev SA et al. Short report: phylogenetically distinct hepatitis E viruses in Pakistan. Am J Trop Med Hyg 62(2):187-9, 2000.
21. Gouvea V, Hoke CH Jr, Innis BL. Genotyping of hepatitis E virus in clinical specimens by restriction endonuclease analysis. J Virol Methods 70(1):71-8, 1998.
22. Wang YC, Zhang HY, Xia NS et al. Prevalence, isolation, and partial sequence analysis of hepatitis E virus from domestic animals in China. J Med Virol 67:516-21, 2002.
23. Wang Y, Zhang H, Ling R, Li H, Harrison TJ. The complete sequence of hepatitis E virus genotype 4 reveals an alternative strategy for translation of open reading frames 2 and 3. J Gen Virol 81:1675-1686, 2000.
24. Hsieh SY, Meng XJ, Wu YH et al. Identity of a novel swine hepatitis E virus in Taiwan forming a monophyletic group with Taiwan isolates of human hepatitis E virus. J Clin Microbiol 37:3828-2834, 1999.
25. Schlauder GG, Dawson GJ, Erker JC et al. The sequence and phylogenetic analysis of a novel hepatitis e virus isolated from a patient with acute hepatitis reported in the United States. J Gen Virol 79:447-456, 1998.
26. Wang Y, Levine DF, Bendall RP, Teo CG. Harrison TJ. Partial sequence analysis of indigenous hepatitis E virus isolated in the United Kingdom. J Med Virol 65:706-709, 2001.
27. Worm HC, Schlauder GG, Wurzer H, Mushahwar IK. Identification of a novel variant of hepatitis E virus in Austria: sequence, phylogenetic and serological analysis. J Gen Virol 81:2885-2890, 2000.
28. Zanetti AR, Schlauder GG, Romano L et al. Identifictaion of a novel variant of hepatitis E virus in Italy. J Med Virol 57:356-360, 1999.
29. Lu L, Li C, Hagedorn CH. Phylogenetic analysis of global hepatitis E virus sequences: genetic diversity, subtypes and zoonosis. Rev Med Virol 2005.
30. Emerson SU, Purcell RH. Hepatitis E virus. Rev Med Virol 13:145-154, 2003.
31. Reyes GR, Huang CC, Tam AW, Purdy MA. Molecular organization and replication of hepatitis E virus (HEV). Arch Virol Suppl 7:15-25, 1993.
32. Krawczynski K. Hepatitis E. Hepatology 17:932-41, 1993.
33. Li TC, Yamakawa Y, Suzuki K et al. Expression and self-assembly of empty virus-like particles of hepatitis E virus. J Virol 71:7207-13, 1997.
34. Naik SR, Aggarwal R, Salunke PN, Mehrotra NN. A large waterborne viral hepatitis E epidemic in Kanpur, India. Bull World Health Organ 70:597-604, 1992.
35. Tsega E, Hansson BG, Krawczynski K, Nordenfelt E. Acute sporadic viral hepatitis in Ethiopia: causes, risk factors, and effects on pregnancy. Clin Infect Dis 14:961-65, 1992.
36. Kumar RM, Uduman S, Rana S, Kochiyil JK, Usmani A, Thomas L. Sero-prevalence and mother-to-infant transmission of hepatitis E virus among pregnant women in the United Arab Emirates. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 100:9-15, 2001.
37. Bile K, Isse A, Mohamud O et al. Contrasting roles of rivers and wells as sources of drinking water on attack and fatality rates in a hepatitis E epidemic in Somalia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 51:466-74, 1994.
38. Rab MA, Bile MK, Mubarik MM et al. Water-borne hepatitis E virus epidemic in Islamabad, Pakistan: a common source outbreak traced to the malfunction of a modern water treatment plant. Am J Trop Med Hyg 57:151-57, 1997.
39. Aggarwal R, Naik SR. Hepatitis E: intrafamilial transmission versus waterborne spread. J Hepatol 21:718-23, 1994.
40. Arankalle VA, Chadha MS, Mehendale SM, Tungatkar SP. Epidemic hepatitis E: serological evidence for lack of intrafamilial spread. Indian J Gastroenterol 19:24-28, 2000.
41. Singh V, Singh V, Raje M, Nain CK, Singh K. Routes of transmission in the hepatitis E epidemic of Saharanpur. Trop Gastroenterol 19:107-09, 1998.
42. Murhekar MV, Sehgal SC, Murhekar KM, Padbhidri SP, Chitambar SD, Arankalle VA. Changing scenario of hepatitis A virus and hepatitis E virus exposure among the primitive tribes of Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India over the 10-year period 1989-99. J Viral Hepat 9:315-21, 2002.
43. Coursaget P, Depril N, Yenen OS, Cavuslu S, Badur S. Hepatitis E virus infection in Turkey. Lancet 342:810-11, 1993.
44. el Zimaity DM, Hyams KC, Imam IZ et al. Acute sporadic hepatitis E in an Egyptian pediatric population. Am J Trop Med Hyg 48:372-76, 1993.
45. Lok AS, Kwan WK, Moeckli R et al. Seroepidemiological survey of hepatitis E in Hong Kong by recombinant- based enzyme immunoassays. Lancet 340:1205-08, 1992.
46. Goldsmith R, Yarbough PO, Reyes GR et al. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for diagnosis of acute sporadic hepatitis E in Egyptian children. Lancet 339:328-31, 1992.
47. Pillot J, Lazizi Y, Diallo Y, Leguenno B. Frequent sporadic hepatitis E in west Africa evidenced by characterization of a virus-associated antigen in the stool. J Hepatol 15:420-21, 1992.
48. Skaug K, Hagen IJ, von der LB. Three cases of acute hepatitis E virus infection imported into Norway. Scand J Infect Dis 26:137-39, 1994.
49. Heath TC, Burrow JN, Currie BJ et al. Locally acquired hepatitis E in the Northern Territory of Australia. Med J Aust 162:318-19, 1995.
50. Sallie R, Silva AE, Purdy M et al. Hepatitis C and E in non-A non-B fulminant hepatic failure: a polymerase chain reaction and serological study. J Hepatol 20:580-88, 1994.
51. Zanetti AR, Dawson GJ. Hepatitis type E in Italy: a seroepidemiological survey. Study Group of Hepatitis E. J Med Virol 42:318-20, 1994.
52. Tassopoulos NC, Krawczynski K, Hatzakis A et al. Case report: role of hepatitis E virus in the etiology of community- acquired non-A, non-B hepatitis in Greece. J Med Virol 42:124-28, 1994.
53. Chapman BA, Burt MJ, Wilkinson ID, Schousboe MI. Community acquired viral hepatitis in New Zealand: a case of sporadic hepatitis E virus infection. Aust NZ J Med;23:722-23, 1993.
54. McCrudden R, O'Connell S, Farrant T, Beaton S, Iredale JP, Fine D. Sporadic acute hepatitis E in the United Kingdom: an underdiagnosed phenomenon? Gut 46:732-33, 2000.
55. Moreno García M, Fernández González F, Portus de Marco MV, Mera Pérez P. Hepatitis aguda E en España. Med Clin (Barc) 105(18):716, 1995.
56. Mansuy JM, Peron JM, Bureau C, Alric L, Vinel JP, Izopet J. Immunologically silent autochtonous acute hepatitis E virus infection in France. J Clin Microbiol 42: 912-913, 2004.
57. Skidmore S. Overview of Hepatitis E Virus. Curr Infect Dis Rep 4:118-23, 2002.
58. Pérez Gracia MT, Rodríguez Iglesias M. Aspectos actuales del virus de la hepatitis E (VHE). Medicina Clínica 121:787-792, 2003.
59. Mast EE, Kuramoto IK, Favorov MO et al. Prevalence of and risk factors for antibody to hepatitis E virus seroreactivity among blood donors in Northern California. J Infect Dis 176:34-40, 1997.
60. Thomas DL, Yarbough PO, Vlahov D et al. Seroreactivity to hepatitis E virus in areas where the disease is not endemic. J Clin Microbiol 35:1244-47, 1997.
61. Waar K, Herremans MMPT, Vennema H, Koopmans MPG, Benne CA. Hepatitis E is a cause of unexplained hepatitis in The Netherlands. J Clin Virol 33:145-149, 2005.
62. Pérez Gracia MT, García Valdivia MS, Galán F, Rodríguez Iglesias M. Detection of hepatitis E Virus (HEV) isolated from human origin serum in southern Spain. Acta Virologica 48:197-200, 2004.
63. Piper-Jenks N, Horowitz HW, Schwartz E. Risk of hepatitis E infection to travelers. J Travel Med 7:194-99, 2000.
64. Rodríguez Iglesias M, Pérez Gracia MT. Nuevos conceptos sobre el virus de la hepatitis E y su importancia creciente en los países desarrollados. Enfermedades Emergentes 5(2):18-26, 2003.
65. Meng XJ, Purcell RH, Halbur PG et al. A novel virus in swine is closely related to the human hepatitis E virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94:9860-65, 1997.
66. Meng XJ, Halbur PG, Shapiro MS et al. Genetic and experimental evidence for cross-species infection by swine hepatitis E virus. J Virol 72:9714-21, 1998.
67. Pérez Gracia MT, García A, Vega S. Detection by reverse transcription-PCR of swine hepatitis E virus (HEV) from pigs of Spain. 6th International Congress of Veterinary Virology. Saint Malo (Francia), 2003.
68. Fernández Barredo S, Galiana C, García A, Vega S, Gómez MT, Pérez Gracia MT. Presence of swine hepatitis E virus in Valencian community (Spain). Second European Congress of Virology-Eurovirology. Madrid, 2004.
69. Pérez Gracia MT, Fernández Barredo S, Galiana C et al. Detection by reverse transcription-PCR of swine hepatitis E virus in Spain. 44th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy (ICAAC), Washington, DC (EEUU), 2004.
70. Fernández Barredo S, Galiana C, García A, Vega S, Gómez MT, Rodríguez Iglesias MA, Pérez Gracia MT. Spread of hepatitis E virus among different-aged pigs in Spain. 8th Annual Meeting of the European Society for Clinical Virology. Geneva (Switzerland), 2005.
71. Fernández Barredo S, Galiana C, Vega S, García A, Gómez MT, Pérez Gracia MT. Swine hepatitis E virus in Valencian community (Spain). 3rd Euromeeting Viral Zoonoses. Saint Raphael (France), 2005.
72. Fernández- Barredo S, Galiana C, García A, Vega S, Gómez MT, Pérez Gracia MT. Detection of hepatitis E virus shedding in feces of pigs at different stages of production using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. J Vet Diagn Invest 18(5):462-5, 2006.
73. Galiana C, Fernández Barredo S, Vega S, García A, Gómez MT, Rodríguez Iglesias MA, Pérez Gracia MT. Hepatitis E virus (HEV) in persons who worked with swine in Spain. 8th Annual Meeting of the European Society for Clinical Virology. Geneva (Switzerland), 2005.
74. Galiana C, Fernández Barredo S, Vega S, García A, Gómez MT, Rodríguez Iglesias MA, Pérez Gracia MT. Analysis of partial sequences of hepatitis E virus isolated from human and swine origin In easthern Spain. 3rd Euromeeting Viral Zoonoses. Saint Raphael (France), 2005.
75. Galiana C, Fernández Barredo S, Vega S, García A, Gómez MT, Pérez Gracia MT. Prevalence of hepatitis E virus (HEV) in people in contact with swine and non exposed in Eastern Spain European Congress of Virology. Nürnberg, Germany, 2007.
76. Pina S, Buti M, Cotrina M, Piella J, Girones R. HEV identified in serum from humans with acute hepatitis and in sewage of animal origin in Spain. J Hepatol 33:826-33, 2000.
77. Clayson ET, Innis BL, Myint KS et al. Detection of hepatitis E virus infections among domestic swine in the Kathmandu Valley of Nepal. Am J Trop Med Hyg 53:228-32, 1995.
78. Meng XJ, Dea S, Engle RE et al. Prevalence of antibodies to the hepatitis E virus in pigs from countries where hepatitis E is common or is rare in the human population. J Med Virol 59:297-302, 1999.
79. Hsieh SY, Meng XJ, Wu YH et al. Identity of a novel swine hepatitis E virus in Taiwan forming a monophyletic group with Taiwan isolates of human hepatitis E virus. J Clin Microbiol 37:3828-34, 1999.
80. Wu JC, Chen CM, Chiang TY et al. Clinical and epidemiological implications of swine hepatitis E virus infection. J Med Virol 60:166-71, 2000.
81. Chandler JD, Riddell MA, Li F, Love RJ, Anderson DA. Serological evidence for swine hepatitis E virus infection in Australian pig herds. Vet Microbiol 68:95-105, 1999.
82. Garkavenko O, Obriadina A, Meng J et al. Detection and characterisation of swine hepatitis E virus in New Zealand. J Med Virol 65:525-29, 2001.
83. Kabrane-Lazizi Y, Fine JB, Elm J et al. Evidence for widespread infection of wild rats with hepatitis E virus in the United States. Am J Trop Med Hyg 61:331-35, 1999.
84. Haqshenas G, Huang FF, Fenaux M et al. The putative capsid protein of the newly identified avian hepatitis E virus shares antigenic epitopes with that of swine and human hepatitis E viruses and chicken big liver and spleen disease virus. J Gen Virol 83:2201-09, 2002.
85. Haqshenas G, Shivaprasad HL, Woolcock PR, Read DH, Meng XJ. Genetic identification and characterization of a novel virus related to human hepatitis E virus from chickens with hepatitis-splenomegaly syndrome in the United States. J Gen Virol 82:2449-62, 2001.
86. Arankalle VA, Joshi MV, Kulkarni AM et al. Prevalence of anti-hepatitis E virus antibodies in different Indian animal species. J Viral Hepat 8:223-27, 2001.
87. Usmanov RK, Balaian MS, Dvoinikova OV et al. An experimental infection in lambs by the hepatitis E virus. Vopr Virusol 39:165-68, 1994.
88. Maneerat Y, Clayson ET, Myint KS, Young GD, Innis BL. Experimental infection of the laboratory rat with the hepatitis E virus. J Med Virol 48:121-28, 1996.
89. Drobeniuc J, Favorov MO, Shapiro CN et al. Hepatitis E virus antibody prevalence among persons who work with swine. J Infect Dis 184:1594-97, 2001.
90. Meng XJ, Wiseman B, Elvinger F et al. Prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis E virus in veterinarians working with swine and in normal blood donors in the United States and other countries. J Clin Microbiol 40:117-22, 2002.
91. Withers MR, Correa MT, Morrow M et al. Antibody levels to hepatitis E virus in North Carolina swine workers, non-swine workers, swine, and murids. Am J Trop Med Hyg 66:384-88, 2002.
92. Yoo D, Giulivi A. Xenotransplantation and the potential risk of xenogeneic transmission of porcine viruses. Can J Vet Res 64:193-203, 2000.
93. Chobe LP, Chadha MS, Banerjee K, Arankalle VA. Detection of HEV RNA in faeces, by RT-PCR during the epidemics of hepatitis E in India (1976-1995). J Viral Hepat 4:129-33, 1997.
94. Aggarwal R, McCaustland KA. Hepatitis E virus RNA detection in serum and feces specimens with the use of microspin columns. J Virol Methods 74:209-13, 1998.
95. McCaustland KA, Bi S, Purdy MA, Bradley DW. Application of two RNA extraction methods prior to amplification of hepatitis E virus nucleic acid by the polymerase chain reaction. J Virol Methods 35:331-42, 1991.
96. Ticehurst J, Popkin TJ, Bryan JP et al. Association of hepatitis E virus with an outbreak of hepatitis in Pakistan: serologic responses and pattern of virus excretion. J Med Virol 36:84-92, 1992.
97. Nanda SK, Ansari IH, Acharya SK, Jameel S, Panda SK. Protracted viremia during acute sporadic hepatitis E virus infection. Gastroenterology 108:225-30, 1995.
98. Orrú G, Masia G, Romano L, Piras V, Coppola RC. Detection and quantitation of hepatitis E virus in human faeces by real-time quantitative PCR. J Virol Methods 118(2):77-82, 2004.
99. Jothikumar N, Cromeans TL, Robertson BH, Meng XJ, Hill VR. A broadly reactive one-step real-time RT-PCR assay for rapid and sensitive detection of hepatitis E virus. J Virol Methods 131(1):65-71, 2006.
100. Clayson ET, Myint KS, Snitbhan R et al. Viremia, fecal shedding, and IgM and IgG responses in patients with hepatitis E. J Infect Dis 172:927-33, 1995.
101. Chauhan A, Jameel S, Dilawari JB, Chawla YK, Kaur U, Ganguly NK. Hepatitis E virus transmission to a volunteer. Lancet 341:149-50, 1993.
102. Humphrey CD, Cook EH Jr, Bradley DW. Identification of enterically transmitted hepatitis virus particles by solid phase immune electron microscopy. J Virol Methods 29:177-88, 1990.
103. Krawczynski K, Aggarwal R, Kamili S. Hepatitis E. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2000;14:669-87, 2000.
104. Longer CF, Denny SL, Caudill JD et al. Experimental hepatitis E: pathogenesis in cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis). J Infect Dis 168:602-09, 1993.
105. Saeed AA, al Rasheed A, Olewicz G, Yarbough PO. ELISA for diagnosis of acute sporadic hepatitis E. Lancet 339:882, 1992.
106. Anderson DA, Li F, Riddell M, Howard T et al. ELISA for IgG-class antibody to hepatitis E virus based on a highly conserved, conformational epitope expressed in Escherichia coli. J Virol Methods 81:131-42, 1999.
107. Tsarev SA, Tsareva TS, Emerson SU et al. ELISA for antibody to hepatitis E virus (HEV) based on complete open- reading frame-2 protein expressed in insect cells: identification of HEV infection in primates. J Infect Dis 168:369-78, 1993.
108. Favorov MO, Khudyakov YE, Mast EE et al. IgM and IgG antibodies to hepatitis E virus (HEV) detected by an enzyme immunoassay based on an HEV-specific artificial recombinant mosaic protein. J Med Virol 50:50-58, 1996.
109. Favorov MO, Fields HA, Purdy MA et al. Serologic identification of hepatitis E virus infections in epidemic and endemic settings. J Med Virol 36:246-50, 1992.
110. Dawson GJ, Chau KH, Cabal CM, Yarbough PO, Reyes GR, Mushahwar IK. Solid-phase enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for hepatitis E virus IgG and IgM antibodies utilizing recombinant antigens and synthetic peptides. J Virol Methods 38:175-86, 1992.
111. Buti M. Hepatitis aguda E en España. Med Clin (Barc) 107(9):356, 1996.
112. Moaven L, Van Asten M, Crofts N, Locarnini SA. Seroepidemiology of hepatitis E in selected Australian populations. J Med Virol 45:326-30, 1995.
113. Karetnyi YV, Favorov MO, Khudyakova NS et al. Serological evidence for hepatitis E virus infection in Israel. J Med Virol 45:316-20, 1995.
114. Mast EE, Alter MJ, Holland PV, Purcell RH. Evaluation of assays for antibody to hepatitis E virus by a serum panel. Hepatitis E Virus Antibody Serum Panel Evaluation Group. Hepatology 27:857-61, 1998.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Está expresamente prohibida la redistribución y la redifusión de todo o parte de los contenidos de la Sociedad Iberoamericana de Información Científica (SIIC) S.A. sin previo y expreso consentimiento de SIIC.
ua31618
Home

Copyright siicsalud © 1997-2024 ISSN siicsalud: 1667-9008