ANALISE ECODOPPLERCARDIOGRAFICA DAS ALTERAÇOES MORFOLOGICAS E FUNCIONAIS CAUSADAS PELA HIPERTENSAO ARTERIAL NO VENTRICULO DIREITO

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O índice de massa do VD se correlaciona positivamente com o valor da PA sistólica e diastólica. A disfunção diastólica dos pacientes hipertensos também ocorre no VD.
pereirasil9.jpg Autor:
Pereira, ricardo
Columnista Experto de SIIC

Institución:
Facultad de Medicina Universidad de São Paulo SP, Brasil


Artículos publicados por Pereira, ricardo
Coautores
José Antonio Ramires*  Celso Amodeo Doutor**  Sérgio Pontes Doutor***  Jorge Assef**** 
Professor Titular (Livre-Docente, PhD) Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (USP)*
PhD. Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia (SP)**
PhD. Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia***
Doutor (PhD). Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia (SP)****
Recepción del artículo
8 de Julio, 2004
Aprobación
12 de Octubre, 2004
Primera edición
19 de Enero, 2005
Segunda edición, ampliada y corregida
7 de Junio, 2021

Resumen
O exame ecocardiográfico do ventrículo direito (VD) tem muitas limitações: grande parte da câmara situa-se atrás do esterno, o VD tem formato irregular, suas paredes são trabeculadas e a localização da câmara dentro do tórax pode variar dependendo da posição do paciente. Usamos neste trabalho um método para calcular a massa do VD que procura suplantar as dificuldades inerentes à análise desta câmara. O objetivo principal do estudo foi verificar o possível envolvimento do VD em pacientes com hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS). Trata-se de um estudo prospectivo onde os pacientes foram selecionados segundo a presença ou ausência de sobrecarga ventricular esquerda (SVE) ao eletrocardiograma. Foram incluídos 22 hipertensos com SVE (grupo I), 20 hipertensos sem SVE (grupo II) e 20 indivíduos saudáveis como grupo controle (grupo III). Estudados pacientes de ambos os sexos, com idade de 25 a 70 anos, com diagnóstico de HAS segundo os critérios do VI JNC. Realizado avaliação clínica, laboratorial, eletrocardiográfica e ecocardiográfica. No ecocardiograma, foram medidas as dimensões do átrio esquerdo (AE), ventrículo esquerdo (VE), septo interventricular (SIV), parede posterior do ventrículo esquerdo (PP) e espessura do ventrículo direito (E); determinada a fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo (FE) e calculada a massa do ventrículo esquerdo e a massa do ventrículo direito (mVD) através do método do trapézio; realizado o estudo dos fluxos mitral e tricúspide através do sistema Doppler. Metade dos pacientes apresentou alteração de fundo de olho de grau II, nenhum paciente apresentou alteração de grau III ou IV. Ao ECG, observou-se ritmo sinusal em todos os pacientes; sete pacientes apresentavam alteração da repolarização ventricular; sobrecarga atrial esquerda foi detectada em nove pacientes (GI). Ao ecocardiograma, detectou-se aumento de AE em três pacientes do GI, dois pacientes do GII e em nenhum paciente do GIII; aumento do VE em seis pacientes do GI, seis pacientes do GII e em nenhum paciente do GIII; aumento da espessura do SIV em 11 pacientes do GI e em nenhum paciente do GII ou GIII; aumento da espessura da PP em sete pacientes do GI e em nenhum paciente do GII ou GIII; média do índice de massa do VE de 109 g/m2 no GI, 70.2 g/m2 no GII e 61.5 g/m2 no GIII; FE > 54% em todos os pacientes hipertensos e indivíduos normais; média da espessura da parede do VD de 0.39 cm no GI, 0.40 cm no GII e 0.33 cm no GIII; média do índice de massa do VD de 33.67 g/m2 no GI, 33.69 g/m2 no GII e 25.90 g/m2 no grupo III. Houve correlação do índice de massa do VD com pressão arterial (PA) sistólica e diastólica e com o índice de massa do VE. Em 25 pacientes hipertensos e em 19 indivíduos normais, foi realizado estudo dos fluxos pelo sistema Doppler, sendo encontrado relação E/A normal para a valva mitral em 60% dos pacientes do GI, 84% dos pacientes do GII e em 100% dos indivíduos do GIII; relação E/A normal para a valva tricúspide em 70% dos pacientes do GI, 84% dos pacientes do GII e 89% dos indivíduos do GIII; houve concordância na relação E/A quando comparado o fluxo mitral com o tricúspide em 84% dos pacientes hipertensos e em 89% dos indivíduos normais. Concluímos que a espessura da parede livre e o índice de massa do VD dos pacientes hipertensos estão aumentados quando comparados à medida dos indivíduos sadios. O índice de massa do VD se correlaciona positivamente com o valor da PA sistólica e diastólica. A disfunção diastólica dos pacientes hipertensos também ocorre no VD.

Palabras clave
Ecodopplercardiograma, hipertensão arterial, ventrículo direito


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Abstract
Right ventricle echocardiographic exams are very limited for these reasons: part of the chamber is hidden behind the sternum. It has an irregular form. Its walls are trabeculated and the camera's position may vary depending on the position of the patient. To avoid these difficulties, we used in this study the trapezium method of calculating the mass of the right ventricle. The objective of this study was to verify if the right ventricle is affected by systemic hypertension. The patients were selected according to electrocardiographic left ventricle hypertrophy. We included 22 patients with left ventricle hypertrophy (group I), 20 patients without left ventricle hypertrophy (group II) and 20 normotensive persons as control group (group III). Hypertensive patients were male and female, age 25 to 70, with hypertension diagnosis by III Brazilian Report on Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Pressure criteria. Clinical, laboratorial, electrocardiographic and echocardiographic evaluation was done. In echocardiogram, we measured the left atrial dimension, left ventricle dimension, interventricular septum (IVS), left ventricle posterior wall (LVPW), right ventricle wall (RVW) and left ventricle ejection fraction (LV-EF). We calculated the left ventricle and right ventricle mass by trapezium method; the mitral and tricuspid flow was analyzed by Doppler system. Half of the patients had arteriolar narrowing or arteriovenous nicking in retin. In EKG, there was sinus rhythm in all patients; seven patients presented T wave abnormality; left atrial elargement was detected in nine patients. In echocardiogram, there was left atrial enlargement in three patients of GI, two patients of GII and no person of GIII; left ventricular enlargement in six patients of GI, six patients of GII and no person of GIII; SIV enlargement in 11 patients of GI and no patient of GII or person of GIII; LVPW enlargement in seven patients of GI and no patient of GII or person of GIII; mean left ventricle mass index of 109 g/m2 in GI, 70.2 g/m2 in GII and 61.5 g/m2 in GIII; LV-EF > 54% in all patients and normotensive persons; mean right ventricle wall of 0.39 cm in GI, 0.41 cm in GII and 0.33 cm in GIII; mean right ventricle mass index of 33.67 g/m2 in GI, 35.69 g/m2 in GII and 25.9 g/m2 in GIII. There was correlation between right ventricle mass index and systolic and diastolic blood pressure and left ventricle mass index. In 25 patients and in 19 healthy persons, flow was studied by Doppler system and there was normal E/A ratio for mitral valve in 60% of patients of GI, 84% of GII and 100% of GIII; there was normal E/A ratio for tricuspid valve in 70% of patients of GI; 84% of GII and 89% of GIII; there was concordance in E/A ratio when compared mitral with tricuspid flow in 84% of patients and in 89% of normotensive persons. In conclusion, right ventricle wall thickness and right ventricle mass index in hypertension are increased in comparison with normotensive people. Diastolic disfunction in hypertension also occurs in right ventricle.


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Especialidades
Principal: Cardiología
Relacionadas: Diagnóstico por Imágenes, Medicina Interna



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Bibliografía del artículo
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