PATRON DE REDISTRIBUCION INVERSA EN PACIENTES CON INFARTO MIOCARDICO Y ARTERIAS CORONARIAS ANGIOGRAFICAMENTE LISAS: ¿ES UNA CLAVE PARA EXPLICAR LA FISIOPATOLOGIA DE ESTA PARADOJA CENTELLOGRAFICA

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La redistribución inversa observada en pacientes luego de un infarto miocárdico agudo se relaciona probablemente con disfunción microvascular y con viabilidad tisular residual.
fragasso9.jpg Autor:
Gabriele Fragasso
Columnista Experto de SIIC
Artículos publicados por Gabriele Fragasso
Coautor
Altin Palloshi MD* 
Università San Raffaele, Milán, Italia*
Recepción del artículo
10 de Diciembre, 2003
Aprobación
19 de Febrero, 2004
Primera edición
26 de Marzo, 2004
Segunda edición, ampliada y corregida
7 de Junio, 2021

Resumen
La redistribución inversa se refiere al defecto de perfusión centellográfico que no está presente en las imágenes adquiridas inmediatamente después del estrés, pero que aparecen o se hacen más evidentes en las imágenes tardías. Este fenómeno ha sido observado anecdóticamente en pacientes con infarto subendocárdico. Como no existe información publicada acerca del patrón de perfusión centellográfica en personas con infarto miocárdico (IM) y arterias coronarias normales (ACN), hemos estudiado recientemente 27 pacientes que presentaron IC y tenían ACN. Todos fueron sometidos a examen SPECT de perfusión miocárdica de estrés y de reposo con tetrafosmina, dentro de los 6 meses del IM.Las imágenes de estrés con tetrafosmina revelaron 41 segmentos hipoperfundidos en 17 pacientes (63%). En las imágenes en reposo, 13 segmentos permanecieron iguales, 4 mostraron reperfusión parcial, 10 se normalizaron y 14 empeoraron. Además, hubo 18 nuevos segmentos hipoperfundidos en 9 pacientes. Por lo tanto, la perfusión empeoró en reposo en 18 pacientes (67%, 32 segmentos). En total, durante el reposo hubo 49 segmentos hipoperfundidos en 22 pacientes (81%).En conclusión, la perfusión miocárdica puede ser considerablemente peor en reposo que durante el estrés en pacientes con infarto miocárdico y ACN. En estos pacientes, la redistribución inversa está probablemente relacionada con alta prevalencia de necrosis en parches, no transmural y, por lo tanto, viabilidad tisular residual. Cuando se observa este patrón paradójico en pacientes con arterias coronarias normales, se debe tener en cuenta la posibilidad del antecedente de daño subendocárdico. Sin embargo, como se informó que el patrón de redistribución invertida está a menudo presente en pacientes con síndrome X, y que el síndrome X suele suceder a un infarto miocárdico agudo con arterias coronarias normales, no es inconcebible que ambos tengan un mecanismo en común, probablemente relacionado con disfunción microvascular.

Palabras clave
infarto miocárdico, arterias coronarias normales, centellografía de perfusión miocárdica, redistribución inversa, microcirculación.


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Abstract
Reverse redistribution refers to a scintigraphic perfusion defect that is not present on the images acquired immediately after stress, but develops or becomes more evident on delayed imaging. This phenomenon has anecdotally been observed in patients (pts) with subendocardial infarction. Since there are no published data in the literature on the scintigraphic perfusion pattern in pts with myocardial infarction (MI) and normal coronary arteries (NCA), we have recently studied 27 pts who had developed a myocardial infarction and had NCA. All pts underwent stress/rest tetrofosmin myocardial perfusion SPECT within 6 months from MI. Tetrofosmin stress images revealed 41 hypoperfused segments in 17 pts (63%). On rest images, 13 segments remained unchanged, 4 showed partial reperfusion, 10 normalized and 14 worsened. Additionally, there were 18 new hypoperfused segments in 9 pts. Therefore, perfusion worsened at rest in 18 pts (67%) (32 segments). Overall, at rest there were 49 hypoperfused segments in 22 pts (81%). In conclusion, myocardial perfusion might appear considerably worse at rest than at stress in pts with myocardial infarction and NCA. In these patients, reverse redistribution is probably related to a high prevalence of patchy, non transmural necrosis and, therefore, residual tissue viability. When this paradoxical perfusion pattern is observed in patients with normal coronary arteries, the possibility of a previous subendocardial insult should be taken into consideration. However, since reverse redistribution has been reported to be often present in patients with syndrome X, and that syndrome X often follows an acute myocardial infarction with normal coronary arteries, it is not unconceivable that these findings recognize a common mechanism, likely related to microvascular dysfunction.

Key words
myocardial infarction, normal coronary arteries, myocardial perfusion scintigraphy, reverse redistribution, microcirculation.


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Especialidades
Principal: Cardiología
Relacionadas: Cirugía, Diagnóstico por Imágenes, Medicina Interna



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