MANEJO CLINICO DEL SINDROME CORONARIO AGUDO SIN ELEVACION DEL ST

(especial para SIIC © Derechos reservados)
Revisión del manejo clínico del sindrome coronario agudo sin elevación del ST, a partir de las Guías Clínicas de la Sociedad Española de Cardiología, tanto en el ámbito intrahospitalario como el extrahospitalario, con especial énfasis en los temas de mayor controversia actual.
Autor:
Julia jiménez Valtierra
Columnista Experto de SIIC
Artículos publicados por Julia jiménez Valtierra
Coautores
Elena Batlle López (Facultativo Especialista*  Elena España Barrio (Facultativo Especialista*  Lorenzo López Bescós (Jefe de la Sección Card* 
Servicio de Cardiología, Fundación Hospi*
Recepción del artículo
31 de Octubre, 2002
Primera edición
2 de Diciembre, 2002
Segunda edición, ampliada y corregida
7 de Junio, 2021

Resumen
El síndrome coronario agudo sin elevación del ST es una entidad clínica que incluye la angina inestable y el infarto sin elevación del ST. En este artículo pretendemos hacer una revisión escueta de su manejo clínico, basándonos para ello en las Guías Clínicas de la Sociedad Española de Cardiología. Abordaremos tanto el manejo intrahospitalario (a nivel de la Urgencia Hospitalaria, la Unidad Coronaria y la Hospitalización de Cardiología) como el extrahospitalario, con especial énfasis en los temas de mayor controversia actual: tratamiento antiagregante (clopidogrel, fármacos anti IIb IIIA), tratamiento anticoagulante (heparinas de bajo peso molecular, heparina no fraccionada), o el manejo inicial conservador o agresivo según el riesgo del paciente y su pronóstico clínico.

Palabras clave
Angina inestable, infarto no Q, síndrome coronario agudo sin elevación del ST, manejo


Artículo completo

(castellano)
Extensión:  +/-8.58 páginas impresas en papel A4
Exclusivo para suscriptores/assinantes

Abstract
Acute coronary syndrome without ST elevation is a clinical process that icludes unstable angina and non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction. In this article we pretend to make a short revision of the clinical management of both entities based on the Guidelines of the Spanish Society of Cardiology. We raise intrahospitalary management at the level of the Emergency Room, Coronary Unit and Hospitalization of Cardiology and pre-hospital management, making a special point of controversial themes at present, like antiplatelet (clopidogrel, platelet GP IIb IIIa receptor antagonists) and anticoagulant theraphy (unfractionated heparins , low molecular weight heparin) and early conservative versus invasive strategy .

Key words
Unstable angina, non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction, acute coronary syndrome without ST elevation, management


Clasificación en siicsalud
Artículos originales > Expertos de Iberoamérica >
página   www.siicsalud.com/des/expertocompleto.php/

Especialidades
Principal: Cardiología
Relacionadas: Cuidados Intensivos, Farmacología, Medicina Interna



Comprar este artículo
Extensión: 8.58 páginas impresas en papel A4

file05.gif (1491 bytes) Artículos seleccionados para su compra



Bibliografía del artículo
  1. López Bescós L, Fernández Ortiz A, Bueno Zamora H, Coma Canella I, Lidón Corbí RM, Cequier A, et al.. Guías de Práctica Clínica de la Sociedad Española de Cardiología en la angina inestable/infarto sin elevación ST. Rev Esp Cardiol 2000;53: 838-50.
  2. López Bescós L, Arós Borau F, Lidon Corbi R Mª, Cequier Fillat A, Bueno Zamora H, Alonso JJ et al. Actualización ( 2002) de las Guías de Práctica Clínica de la Sociedad Española de Cardiología en la angina inestable/infarto sin elevación ST. Rev Esp Cardiol 2002;55: 631-642
  3. Almagro J, Cabadés O'Callaghan A, López Merino V, De los Reyes M, San José Garagaza JM. Angina de pecho. Concepto y clasificación. Rev Esp Cardiol 1995; 48: 373-382.
  4. Ryan TJ, Anderson JL, Antman EM, Braniff BA, Brooks NH, Califf RM et al. ACC/AHA guidelines for the management of patients with acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996; 28: 1328-1428.
  5. Braunwald E, Jones RH, Mark DB, Brown J, Brown L, Cheitlin MD et al. Diagnosing and managing unstable angina. Circulation 1994; 90: 613-622
  6. The TIMI IIIB Investigators. Early effects of tissue-type plasminogen activator and a comparison of early and conservative strategies in unstable angina and non-Q-wave myocardial infarction. Circulation 1994; 89: 1545-1556
  7. López de Sá E, López-Sendón J, Bethencourt A, Bosch X. The PEPA investigators. Prognostic value of ECG changes during chest pain in patients with unstable angina. Results of the Proyecto de Estudio del Pronóstico de la Angina (PEPA). J Am Coll Cardiol 1998; 31: (Supl A): 79A.
  8. López de Sá E. Proyecto de estudio del pronóstico de la angina (PEPA). Rev Esp Cardiol 1997; 50 (Supl 6): 29.
  9. Calvin JE, Klein LW, Vanden Berg BJ, Meyer P, Condon JV, Snell RJ et al. Risk stratification in unstable angina. Prospective validation of the Braunwald classification. JAMA 1995; 273: 136-141
  10. Antman EN, Corbalan R, Huber K, Jaffe AS.. Issues in early risk stratification for UA/NSTEMI. Eur Heart J 2001;3(Suppl):J16-J14.
  11. Boersma E, Harrington RA, Moliterno DJ, White H, Théroux P, Van de Werf F, et al.. Platelet lycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors in acute coronary syndromes: a meta-analysis of all major randomised clinical trials. Lancet 2002;359:189-98.
  12. López de Sá E. Identificación de los pacientes de alto riesgo en la evaluación inicial de la angina inestable. Importancia de la clínica, el electrocardiograma, el holter y los marcadores bioquímicos de lesión miocárdica. Rev Esp Cardiol 1999; 52 (Supl 1): 97-106.
  13. Bethencourt A, Cabadés A, Marrugat J. Resultados recientes de los registros poblacionales de infartos y angina. En: Arós F, Fernández Palomeque C, Rodríguez Padial L, editores. Cardiopatía isquémica. VIII Simposio Internacional. Barcelona: Ediciones Mayo, 1998.
  14. Lewis HD, Davis JW, Archibald DG, Steinke WE, Smitherman TC, Doherty JE et al. Protective effect of aspirin against acute myocardial infarction and death in men with unstable angina pectoris. Results of a Veterans Administration Cooperative Study. N Engl J Med 1983; 309: 396-403.
  15. Cairns JA, Gent M, Singer J, Finnie KJ, Froggatt GM, Holder DA et al. Aspirin, sulfinpyrazone, or both in unstable angina. Results of a canadian multicenter trial. N Engl J Med 1985; 313: 1369-1375.
  16. The RISC group. Risk of myocardial infarction and death during treatment with low-dose aspirin and intravenous heparin in men with unstable coronary atery disease. Lancet 1990; 226: 827-830.
  17. Hamm CW, Goldmann BU, Heeschen C, Kreymann G, Berger J, Meinertz T. Emergency room triage of patients with acute chest pain be means of rapid testing gor cardiac troponin T or troponon I. N Engl J Med 1997; 337: 1648-1653.
  18. GUSTO IIA Investigators. Cardiac troponin T levels for risk straification in acute myocardial ischemia. N.Engl J Med 1996; 335: 1333-1341.
  19. Antiplatelet Trialists' Collaborative overview of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy-I: Prevention of death, myocardial infarction and stroke by prolonged antiplatelet therapy in various categories of patients. BMJ 1995; 308: 81-106.
  20. Cohen M. New therapies for unstable angina and non-Q-wave myocardial infarction: Recent clinical trials. Am Heart J 1998; 135: S343-S352
  21. CAPRIE Steering Committee.. A randomized blinded trial of clopidogrel vs. aspirin in patients at risk of ischemic events. Lancet 1996;348:1329-39.
  22. The Clopidrogel in Unstable Angina to Prevent Recurrent Events Trial Investigators.. Effects of clopidogrel in addition to aspirin in patients with acute coronary syndromes without ST-segment elevation. N Engl J Med 2001;345:494-502
  23. Mehta SR, Yusuf S, Peters RJG, Bertrand ME, Lewis BS, Natarajan MK, et al.. Effects of pretreatment with clopidogrel and aspirin followed by long-term therapy in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary interventions: the PCI-CURE study. Lancet 2001; 358:527-33. 21.
  24. Bhatt DL, Bertrand ME, Berger PB, L'Allier PL, Moussa I, Moses JW, et al.. Meta-analysis of randomised and registry comparisons of ticlopidine with clopidogrel after stenting. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002;39:9-14.
  25. Balsano F, Rizzon P, Violi F, Scrutinio D, Cimminiello, Aguglia F et al, for Studio della ticlopidina nell'Angina Instabile Group. Antiplatelet treatment with ticlopidine in unstable angina: a controlled multicenter clinical trial. Circulation 1990; 82: 17-26.
  26. Cohen M, Theroux P, Weber S, Laramee P, Huynh T, Borzak S, et al.. Combination therapy with tirofiban and enoxaparin in acute coronary syndromes. Int J Cardiol 1999;71:273-81
  27. Cohen M, Maritz F, Gensini GF, Danchin N, Timerman A, Huber K, et al.. The TETAMI trial: the safety and efficacy of subcutaneous enoxaparin versus intravenous unfractionated heparin and of tirofiban versus placebo in the treatment of acute myocardial infarction for patients not thrombolyzed: methods and design. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2000;10:241-6.
  28. Cohen M.. The role of low-molecular-weight heparin in the management of acute coronary syndromes. Curr Opin Cardiol 2001; 16:384-9.
  29. The PURSUIT Trial Investigators.. Inhibition of platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa with eptifibatide in patients with acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med 1998;330:436-43.
  30. Hasdai D, Holmes DR Jr, Criger DA, Topol EJ, Califf RM, Harrington RA.. Age and outcome after acute coronary syndromes without persistent ST-segment elevation. Am Heart J 2000; 139:858-66.
  31. PRISM-PLUS Study Investigators.. Inhibition of platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor with tirofiban in unstable angina and non-Q-wave myocardial infarction. Platelet receptor inhibition in ischemic syndrome management in patients limited by unstable signs and symptoms (PRISM-PLUS) study investigators. N Engl J Med 1998;338:1488-97.
  32. PRISM Study investigators.. A comparison of aspirin plus tirofiban with aspirin plus heparin for unstable angina. N Engl J Med 1998;338:1498-505.
  33. The PARAGON Trial investigators.. International randomized controlled trial of lamifiban (a platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor), heparin or both in unstable angina. The PARAGON Investigators. Platelet IIb/IIIa antagonism for the reduction of acute coronary syndrome events in a global organization network. Circulation 1998;97:2386-95.
  34. The PARAGON-B Investigators.. Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of titrated intravenous lamifiban for acute coronary syndromes. Circulation 2002;105:316-21.
  35. The GUSTO IV-ACS Investigators.. Effect of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor blocker abciximab on outcome in patients with acute coronary syndromes without early coronary revascularization: the GUSTO IV-ACS randomised trial. Lancet 2001;357: 1915-24.
  36. The EPIC Investigators.. Use of a monoclonal antibody directed against the platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor in high-risk coronary angioplasty. N Engl J Med 1994;330:956-61
  37. The CAPTURE investigators.. Randomised placebo-controlled trial of abciximab before and during coronary intervention in refractory unstable angina: the CAPTURE study. Lancet 1997;349: 1429-35.
  38. The EPILOG investigators.. Platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor blockage and low-dose heparin during percutaneous coronary revascularization. N Engl J Med 1997;336:1689-96
  39. Lincoff AM, Califf RM, Moliterno DJ, Ellis SG, Ducas J, Kramer JH, et al.. Complementary clinical benefits of coronary artery stenting and blockade of platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptors. N Engl J Med 1999;341:319-27.
  40. The RESTORE Investigators.. Effects of platelet glyocoprotein IIb/IIIa blockade with tirofiban on adverse cardiac events in patients with unstable angina or acute myocardial infarction undergoing coronary angioplasty. Circulation 1997;96: 1445-53
  41. The IMPACT II Investigators.. Randomised placebo-controlled trial of effect of eptifibatide on complications of percutaneus coronary intervention: IMPACT II. Lancet 1997;349:1422-8.
  42. The ESPRIT Investigators.. Novel dosing regimen of eptifibatide in planned coronary stent implantation (ESPRIT): a randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2000;356:2037-44.
  43. Topol EJ, Moliterno DJ, Herrmann HC, Powers ER, Grines CL, Cohen DJ, et al.. Comparison of two platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors, tirofiban and abciximab for the prevention of ischemic events with percutaneous coronary revascularization. N Engl J Med 2001;344:1888-94.
  44. The RISC group. Risk of myocardial infarction and death during treatment with low-dose aspirin and intravenous heparin in men with unstable coronary atery disease. Lancet 1990; 226: 827-830.
  45. ESSENCE. Cohen M, Demers G, Gurfinkel E, Turpie AG, Fromell GJ, Goodman S et al. A comparison of low molecular weight heparin with unfractioned heparin for unstable coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med 1997; 337: 447-452.
  46. Antman EM, Cohen M, Radley D, McCabe CH et al. Assessment of the treatment effect of enoxaparin for unstable angina/ non Q -wave myocardial infarction . TIMI 11B-ESSENCE meta -analysis. Cirulation. 1999; 100: 1602-1608.
  47. Antman EM, McCabe CH, Gurfinkel EP, Turpie AGG, Bernink PJLM, Salein D, et al.. Enoxaparin prevents death and cardiac ischemic events in unstable angina/non-Q-wave myocardial infarction. Results of the Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) 11B Trial. Circulation 1999;100:1593-601.
  48. Klein W, Buchwald A, Hilliss SE, Monrad S, Sanz G, Turpie AG, et al.. Fragmin in unstable angina pectoris or in non-Q-wave acute myocardial infarction (the FRIC study). Fragmin in Unstable Coronary Disease. Am J Cardiol 1997;80:30-4.
  49. Fragmin and Fast Revascularization during Instability in Coronary artery disease (FRISC II) Investigators.. Long-term low-molecular-mass heparin in unstable coronary artery disease: FRISC II prospective randomized multicentre study. Lancet 1999;354: 701-7.
  50. The FRAXIS Study Group.. Comparison of two treatment durations (6 days and 14 days) of a low molecular weight heparin with a 6-day treatment of unfractionated heparin in the initial management of unstable angina or non-Q wave myocardial infarction: FRAXIS (FRAXiparine in Ischemic Syndrome). Eur Heart J 1999;20:1553-62.
  51. Organisation to Assess Estrategies for Ischemic Syndromes (OASIS-2) Investigators. Effects of recombinant hirudin (lepirudin) compared with heparin on death, myocardial infarction, refractory angina, and revascularization procedures in patients with acute myocardial ischemia without ST elevation: a randomized trial. The Lancet 1999; 353: 429-438.
  52. Report of the Holland Interuniversity Nifedipine/Metoprolol Trial (HINT) Research Group. Early treatment of unstable angina in the coronary care unit: a randomised, double-blind, placebo controlled comparison of recurrent ischemia in patients treated with nifedipine or metorpolol or both. Br Heart J 1986;
  53. Fang ZY, Picart N, Abramowicz M, Unger P, Narraci P, Sobolski J et al. Intravenous diltiazem versus nitroglycerin for silent and symptomatic myocardial ischemia in unstable angina pectoris. Am J Cardiol 1991; 48: 42C-46C.
  54. Göbel EJAM, Hautvast RWM, van Gilst WH, Spanjaard JN, Hillege HL, DeJongste MJL et al. Randomized, double-blind trial of intravenous diltiazem versus glyceryl trinitrate for unstable angina pectoris. Lancet 1995; 346: 1653-1657.
  55. Gottlieb SO, Weisfeldt ML, Ouyang P, Achuff SC, Baugman KL, Traill TA et al. Effect of the addition of propranolol to therapy with nifedipine for unstable angina pectoris: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Circulation 1986; 73: 331-337.
  56. Théroux P, Taeymans Y, Morissette D, Bosch X, Pelletier GB, Waters DD. A randomized study comparing propranolol and diltiazem in the treatment of unstable angina. J Am Coll Cardiol 1985; 5: 717-722.
  57. Report of the Holland Interuniversity Nifedipine/Metoprolol Trial (HINT) Research Group. Early treatment of unstable angina in the coronary care unit: a randomised, double-blind, placebo controlled comparison of recurrent ischemia in patients treated with nifedipine or metorpolol or both. Br Heart J 1986; 58: 400-413.
  58. Muller JE, Turi ZG, Pearle DL, Schneider JF, Serfas DH, Morrison J. Nifedipine and conventional therapy for unstable angina pectoris: a randomized, doble-blind comparison. Circulation 1984; 69: 728-739.
  59. Gerstenblith G, Ouyang P, Achuff SC, Bulkley BH, Becker LC, Mellits ED et al. Nifedipine in unsatable angina: A double-blind randomized trial. N Engl J Med 1982; 306: 885-889.
  60. Ferry DR, O'Rourke RA, Blaustein AS, Crawford MH, Deedwania PC, Carson PE et al, for the VANQWISH trial Research Investigators. Design and baseline characteristics of the Veterans Affairs Non-Q-Wave Infarction Strategies In-Hospital (VANQWISH) Trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998; 31: 312-320.
  61. Anderson HV, Cannon C, Stone PH, Williams DO, McCabe CH, Knatterud GL et al, for the TIMI IIIB Investigators. One-year results of the thrombolysis in myocardial inarction (TIMI) IIIB clinical trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995; 26: 1643-1650.
  62. FRISC Investigators.. Invasive compared with non-invasive treatment in unstable coronary artery disease: FRISC II prospective randomised multicentre study. Lancet 1999;354:708-15.
  63. Wallentin L, Lagerqvist B, Husted S, Kontny F, Stahle E, Swahn E.. Outcome at 1 year after an invasive compared with a non-invasive strategy in unstable coronary artery disease: the FRISC Il invasive randomised trial. Lancet 2000;356:9-16.
  64. Cannon CP, Weintraub WS, Demopoulus LA, Vicari R, Frey MJ, Lakkis N, et al.. Comparison of early invasive and conservative strategies in patients with unstable coronary syndromes treated with glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor tirofiban. N Engl J Med 2001;344:1879-87.
  65. Thadani-U. Nitrate tolerance, rebound, and their clinical relevance in stable angina pectoris, unstable angina, and heart failure. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 1997; 10: 735-742.
  66. Robertson RM, Wood AJ, Bernard Y, Robertson D. Exacerbation of ischemia in vasotonic angina pectoris by propranolol [resumen]. Am J Cardiol 1981; 47: 463.
  67. Califf RM, Mark DB. Clinical Presentation and Diagnostic Techniques. En: Fuster V, Ross R, Topol EJ, editores. Atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease. Filadelfia: Lippincott-Raven publ., 1996; 1299-1314.

Título español
Resumen
 Palabras clave
 Bibliografía
 Artículo completo
(exclusivo a suscriptores)
 Autoevaluación
  Tema principal en SIIC Data Bases
 Especialidades

  English title
 Abstract
 Key words
Full text
(exclusivo a suscriptores)


Autor 
Artículos
Correspondencia

Patrocinio y reconocimiento
Imprimir esta página
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Está expresamente prohibida la redistribución y la redifusión de todo o parte de los contenidos de la Sociedad Iberoamericana de Información Científica (SIIC) S.A. sin previo y expreso consentimiento de SIIC.
ua31618
Home

Copyright siicsalud © 1997-2024 ISSN siicsalud: 1667-9008