EXPERIENCIA CLINICA CON FONDAPARINUX: UN NUEVO INHIBIDOR SINTETICO SELECTIVO DEL FACTOR XA

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El fondaparinux es al menos tan efectivo y seguro como las terapias de referencia actuales para el tratamiento de trombosis venosa profunda y la embolia pulmonar. Este nuevo fármaco puede, mejorar y simplificar la prevención y el tratamiento de la trombosis
bauer.jpg Autor:
Kenneth Bauer
Columnista Experto de SIIC
Artículos publicados por Kenneth Bauer
Recepción del artículo
19 de Septiembre, 2003
Aprobación
21 de Octubre, 2003
Primera edición
28 de Noviembre, 2003
Segunda edición, ampliada y corregida
7 de Junio, 2021

Resumen
El fondaparinux es el primero de una nueva clase de compuestos antitrombóticos, los inhibidores sintéticos selectivos del factor Xa. Administrado por vía subcutánea, la absorción de fondaparinux es completa y rápida. Su vida media de aproximadamente 17 horas permite una sola dosis diaria. En cuatro estudios aleatorizados, doble ciego, sobre 7 344 pacientes que recibieron cirugía mayor ortopédica, 2.5 mg diarios de este fármaco en dosis única comenzando en el posoperatorio, comparados con la enoxiparina, redujeron la incidencia total de trombosis venosa hasta el día 11 en 55.2% (p < 0.001). Los indicios de hemorragia clínica relacionada fueron bajos y no difirieron mayormente entre los dos grupos. El fondaparinux logró, en forma conjunta, eficacia óptima y seguridad cuando se comenzaba a las seis horas o más luego del procedimiento quirúrgico. Al extender la profilaxis con este antitrombótico de una a cuatro semanas después de la cirugía por fractura de cadera, fue mejor tolerado y, comparada con la administración de una sola semana, redujo en forma significativa los episodios tardíos de tromboembolismos venosos de 35.0% a 1.4% (p < 0.001). Dos extensos estudios de fase III han demostrado el beneficio de este agente en el tratamiento de tromboembolismo venoso. Se acaba de completar o está completándose otro trabajo de fase III sobre la prevención de tromboembolismo venoso en diferentes establecimientos quirúrgicos y clínicos y sobre el tratamiento de síndromes coronarios agudos. En conclusión, el fondaparinux puede, de manera sustancial, mejorar y simplificar la prevención y el tratamiento de la trombosis.

Palabras clave
Fondaparinux, heparinas de bajo peso molecular, trombosis venosa, profilaxis de la trombosis, síndromes coronarios agudos, tromboembolismo, cirugía mayor, reposo prolongado, coagulación


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Abstract
Fondaparinux is the first of a new class of antithrombotic compounds, the synthetic selective factor Xa inhibitors. Administered subcutaneously, the absorption of fondaparinux is complete and rapid. Its half-life of approximately 17 hours allows for once-daily dosing. In four randomized, double-blind trials in 7344 patients undergoing major orthopedic surgery, compared to enoxaparin, 2.5 mg once-daily fondaparinux, starting postoperatively, reduced the overall incidence of venous thromboembolism up to day 11 by 55.2% (p<0.001). The incidence of clinically relevant bleeding was low and did not differ between the two groups. Overall, fondaparinux achieved optimal efficacy and safety when initiated six hours or more after the surgical procedure. Extending fondaparinux prophylaxis from one to four weeks after hip fracture surgery was well tolerated and, compared with one-week fondaparinux, reduced dramatically delayed venous thromboembolism events from 35.0% to 1.4% (p<0.001). Two large phase III trials have demonstrated the benefit of fondaparinux in the management of established venous thromboembolism. Other phase III trials in the prevention of venous thromboembolism in various surgical and medical settings and in the management of acute coronary syndromes are just completed or ongoing. In conclusion, fondaparinux may substantially improve and simplify the prevention and treatment of thrombosis.

Key words
Fondaparinux, heparinas de bajo peso molecular, trombosis venosa, profilaxis de la trombosis, síndromes coronarios agudos, tromboembolismo, cirugía mayor, reposo prolongado, coagulación


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Clasificación en siicsalud
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Especialidades
Principal: Hematología
Relacionadas: Cuidados Intensivos, Emergentología, Farmacología, Hematología, Medicina Farmacéutica, Medicina Interna



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