ALGORITMO DE TRATAMIENTO DE LA CETOACIDOSIS DIABETICA EN PEDIATRIA

(especial para SIIC © Derechos reservados)
El monitoreo de la glucemia y de los electrolitos séricos es la base para un tratamiento exitoso en la cetoacidosis diabética, sobre todo para evitar el edema cerebral, que es la complicación más grave.
Autor:
Jesús javier Martínez garcía
Columnista Experto de SIIC

Institución:
Universidad Autonoma de Sinaloa


Artículos publicados por Jesús javier Martínez garcía
Recepción del artículo
8 de Diciembre, 2009
Aprobación
14 de Diciembre, 2009
Primera edición
15 de Julio, 2010
Segunda edición, ampliada y corregida
7 de Junio, 2021

Resumen
La cetoacidosis diabética (CAD) es la complicación más importante de la diabetes mellitus. La piedra angular para el diagnóstico de la CAD son la historia clínica y la exploración física, en ellas generalmente encontramos los factores precipitantes y podemos clasificar el estado de hidratación del paciente. Los estudios de laboratorio son de gran utilidad para monitorizar la hiperglucemia, el estado ácido-base y el desequilibrio electrolítico inicial. La terapia inicial durante la primera hora es administración de líquidos intravenosos, generalmente cristaloides, con revaloraciones del estado de hidratación y de los niveles séricos de potasio antes de comenzar el tratamiento con insulina, que debe hacerse en la segunda hora. El monitoreo de la glucemia y de los electrolitos séricos es la base para un tratamiento exitoso en la CAD, sobre todo para evitar el edema cerebral, que es la complicación más seria. Afortunadamente, dicha complicación es rara y uno de los factores de riesgo asociados es el tratamiento inadecuado; si bien se han propuesto otros factores de riesgo, no están totalmente identificados.

Palabras clave
cetoacidosis diabética, tratamiento, edema cerebral


Artículo completo

(castellano)
Extensión:  +/-7.02 páginas impresas en papel A4
Exclusivo para suscriptores/assinantes

Abstract
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is the most important complication of diabetes mellitus. Medical history and physical examination are the cornerstones for DKA diagnosis, since they generally allow the physician to discover the precipitating factors and to determine the degree of patient dehydration. Laboratory work-up is very useful to monitor hyperglycemia, acid-base status and electrolytic imbalance at baseline. The goal of the first hour of treatment is fluid administration, generally of intravenous crystalloids, with reassessment of hydration status and potassium levels before starting insulin treatment, which should be initiated at the second hour. Blood glucose and electrolyte serum level monitoring is essential for a successful treatment of DKA, mainly to avoid cerebral edema, which is the most serious complication of DKA. Fortunately such complication is rare. One of the risk factors associated to cerebral edema is the use of inadequate treatment or the use of some therapies that have been proposed which results are unclear.

Key words
diabetic ketoacidosis, treatment, cerebral edema


Clasificación en siicsalud
Artículos originales > Expertos de Iberoamérica >
página   www.siicsalud.com/des/expertocompleto.php/

Especialidades
Principal: Pediatría
Relacionadas: Bioquímica, Cuidados Intensivos, Diabetología, Diagnóstico por Laboratorio, Endocrinología y Metabolismo, Medicina Familiar, Medicina Interna, Nutrición



Comprar este artículo
Extensión: 7.02 páginas impresas en papel A4

file05.gif (1491 bytes) Artículos seleccionados para su compra



Enviar correspondencia a:
Jesús Javier Martínez García, Sinaloa, México
Bibliografía del artículo


1. Neil H. White. Diabetic ketoacidosis in children. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 29:657-681, 2000.
2. David BD, Mark AS, Carlo LA, Desmond JB, Denis D, Thomas PA, et al. European Society for Paediatric Endocrinology/Lawson Wilkins Pediatric Endocrine Society Consensus Statement on Diabetic Ketoacidosis in Children and Adolescents. Pediatrics 113: e133-e140, 2004.
3. Levy MC, Patterson CC, Green A. Geographical variation of presentation at diagnosis of type 1 diabetes in children: the EURODIAB study. European and Diabetes. Diabetologia 44(Suppl.3):B75-80, 2001.
4. Rewers A, Klingensmith G, Davis C. Diabetes ketoacidosis at onset of diabetes: the search for diabetes in youth study. Diabetes 54(Suppl.1):A63, 2005.
5. Rewers A, Chase HP, Mackenzie. Predictors of acute complications in children with type I diabetes. JAMA 287:2511-2518, 2002.
6. Hanas R, Lindblad B, Lindgren F. Predisposing conditions and insulin pump use in a 2-year population study of pediatric ketoacidosis in Sweden. Diabetes 54(Suppl.1):A455, 2005.
7. Pinhas HO, Dolan LM, Zeitler PS. Diabetic ketoacidosis among obese African-American adolescents with NIDDM. Diabetes Care 20:484-486, 1997.
8. Neufeld ND, Raffel LJ, Landon C, Chen YD, Vadheim CM. Early presentation of type 2 diabetes in Mexican-American youth. Diabetes Care 21:80-86, 1998.
9. Lipton R, Keenan H, Onyemere KU, Freels S. Incidence and onset features of diabetes in African-American and Latino children in Chicago, 1985-1994: Diabetes Metab Res Rev 18:135-142, 2002.
10. Cooke DW, Plotnick L. Type I diabetes mellitus in pediatrics. Pediatr Rev 29:374-385, 2008.
11. American Diabetes Association. Diabetic ketoacidosis in infants, children, and adolescents. Diabetes Care 29:1150-1159, 2006.
12. Felner EI, White PC. Improving management of diabetic ketoacidosis in children. Pediatrics 108:735-740, 2001.
13. American Diabetes Association: Clinical Practice Recommendations 2003: Position Statement. Diabetes Care S26:109-117, 2003.
14. Wolsdorf J, Craig ME, Daneman D, Dunger D, Edge J, Lee WRW, et al. ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2006-2007. Diabetic ketoacidosis. Pediatric Diabetes 8:28-42, 2007.
15. Taylor D, Durward A, Tibby SM. The influence of hyperchloraemia on acid base interpretation in diabetic ketoacidosis. Intensive Care Med 32:295-301, 2006.
16. Eric IF, Perrin CW. Improving management of diabetic ketoacidosis in children. Pediatrics 108:735-740, 2001.
17. Inward CD, Chambers TL. Fluid management in diabetic ketoacidosis. Arch Dis Child 86:443-444, 2002.
18. Tsalikian E, Becker DJ, Crumrine PK. Electroencephalographic changes in diabetic ketosis in children with newly and previously diagnosed insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Pediatr 98:355-359, 1981.
19. Orlowski JP, Cramern CL, Fiallos M. Diabetic Ketoacidosis in the Pediatric ICU. Pediatr Clin N Am 55:577-587, 2008.
20. Hoorn EJ, Carlotti AP, Costa LA, MacMahon B, Bohn G, Zietse R, et al: Preventing a Drop in Effective Plasma Osmolality to Minimize the likelihood of Edema During Treatment of Children with Diabetic Ketoacidosis. J Pediatr 150:467-473, 2007.
21. Linares MY, Schuk JE, Lindsay R. Laboratory presentation in diabetic ketoacidosis and duration of therapy. Pediatr Emerg Care 12:347-351, 1996.
22. Koves IH, Neutze J, Donath S. The accuracy of clinical assessment of dehydration during diabetic ketoacidosis in childhood. Diabetes Care 27:2485-2487, 2004.
23. Dunger DB, Sperling MA, Acerini CL. European Society for Paediatric Endocrinology/Lawson Wilkins Pediatric Endocrine Society consensus statement on diabetic ketoacidosis in children and adolescents. Pediatric 113:e133-e140, 2004.
24. Felner EI, White PC. Improving management of diabetic ketoacidosis in children 108:735-740, 2001.
25. Malone JI, Brodsky SJ. The value of electrocardiogram monitoring in diabetic ketoacidosis. Diabetes Care 3:543-547, 1980.
26. Clerbaux T, Reynaert M, Willems E. Effect of phosphate on oxygen-hemoglobin affinity, diphosphoglycerate and blood gases during recovery from diabetic ketoacidosis. Intensive Care Med 15:495-498, 1989.
27. Cooke DW, Plotnick L. Management of diabetic ketoacidosis in children and adolescents. Pediatr Rev 29:431-436, 2008.
28. Kitabchi A, Umpierrez G, Murphy M. Management of hyperglycemic crisis in patient with diabetes. Diabetes Care 24:131-153, 2001.
29. American Diabetes Association. Type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents (consensus statement). Diabetes Care 23:381-389, 2000.
30. Morales AE, Rosenbloom AL. Death caused by hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state at the onset of type 2 diabetes. J Pediatr 144:270-273, 2004.
31. Kershaw MJ, Newton T, Barret TG, Berry K, Kirk J. Childhood diabetes presenting with hyperosmolar dehydration but without ketoacidosis: a report of three cases. Diab Med 22:645:647, 2005.
32. Kitabchi AE, Nyenwe EA Hyperglycemic crises in diabetes mellitus: Diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state. Endocrinol Metab Clin N Am 35:725-751, 2006.
33. Ham MR, Okada P, White PC. Bedside ketone determination in diabetic children with hyperglycemia and ketosis in the acute care setting. Pediatr Diabetes 5:39-43, 2004.
34. Charfen MA, Fernández M. Diabetic ketoacidosis. Emerg Med Clin N Am 23:609-628, 2005.
35. Magee MF,Bankim AB. Management of descompensated diabetes. Diabetes ketoacidosis and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic syndrome. Crit Care Clin 17:75-106, 2001.
36. Nicole SG, Sandra WG, James PM, Michael HB, Joseph D, Kirk N, et al. Mechanism of cerebral edema in children with diabetic ketoacidosis. J Pediatr 145:164-171, 2004.
37. Bohn D, Daneman D. Diabetic ketoacidosis and cerebral edema. Curr Opinion in Pediatrics 14:287-291, 2002.
38. Bradley P, Tobias JD. Serum glucosa changes during insulin therapy in pediatric patients with diabetic ketoacidosis. Am J Ther 14:265-268, 2007.
39. Carlotti AP, Bohn D, Halperin ML. Importance of timing of risk factors for cerebral oedema during therapy for diabetic ketoacidosis (Acute Paediatrics: Hypothesis). Arch Dis Child 88:170-173, 2003.
40. Levin LD. Cerebral edema in diabetic ketoacidosis. Pediatr Crit Care Med 9:320-329, 2008.
41. Hom J, Sinert R. Is fluid therapy associated with cerebral edema in children whith diabetic ketoacidosis? Ann Emerg Med 52:69-75, 2008.
42. Glaser NB, Barnett P, McCaslin I, Nelson D, Trainor LJ, Kaufman F, et al. Risk factors for cerebral edema in children with diabetic ketoacidosis. N Engl J Med 344:264-269, 2001.

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Está expresamente prohibida la redistribución y la redifusión de todo o parte de los contenidos de la Sociedad Iberoamericana de Información Científica (SIIC) S.A. sin previo y expreso consentimiento de SIIC.
ua31618
Inicio/Home

Copyright siicsalud © 1997-2024 ISSN siicsalud: 1667-9008