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INCREMENTO DEL RIESGO DE FRACTURAS EN PACIENTES CON DIABETES

(especial para SIIC © Derechos reservados)
Tanto en la diabetes tipo 1 como en la diabetes tipo 2 se observa aumento del riesgo de fractura pero sólo en el primer caso existe reducción de la densidad mineral ósea.
vestergaard9.jpg Autor:
Peter Vestergaard
Columnista Experto de SIIC

Institución:
The Osteoporosis Clinic, Aarhus Amtssygehus, Aarhus University Hospital


Artículos publicados por Peter Vestergaard
Recepción del artículo
31 de Julio, 2006
Aprobación
2 de Agosto, 2006
Primera edición
17 de Noviembre, 2006
Segunda edición, ampliada y corregida
7 de Junio, 2021

Resumen
Además de las conocidas complicaciones de la diabetes, como retinopatía, nefropatía, neuropatía y arterioesclerosis, la osteoporosis y el incremento del riesgo de fracturas también son complicaciones de la diabetes. La patogenia de la osteoporosis y las fracturas en pacientes con diabetes es compleja. Los factores que pueden contribuir a las caídas y fracturas en pacientes diabéticos comprenden la alteración de la visión por retinopatía, la alteración del equilibrio postural por neuropatía y aterosclerosis, así como los episodios de hipoglucemia. La reducción de la densidad mineral ósea se relaciona con varios factores. Uno de ellos es el aumento de la excreción de calcio por orina relacionado con la excreción forzada de calcio debido a la hiperglucemia y glucosuria. El metabolismo de la vitamina D y de la parathormona puede estar alterado por hipoparatiroidismo funcional y disminución del nivel de 24,25-dihidroxi-vitamina D. La alteración del metabolismo de la vitamina D y de la parathormona es particularmente prominente en pacientes con función renal reducida. La microangiopatía puede alterar la función endotelial. La macroangiopatía con aterosclerosis puede conducir a reducción del aporte sanguíneo a los huesos. En pacientes con neuropatía, la carga alterada para los huesos también puede contribuir a la pérdida de hueso. La glucación también puede estar implicada, con deterioro del entrecruzamiento del colágeno y reducción de la función de los osteoblastos debido a formación de productos finales de glucación avanzada relacionados con la edad junto con alteraciones de los niveles de insulina y de factor de crecimiento símil insulina tipo 1 (IGF-I). El incremento del peso corporal observado en muchos pacientes con diabetes tipo 2 puede aumentar la densidad mineral ósea y prevenir las fracturas. El tratamiento con insulina y con hipoglucemiantes orales puede reducir el riesgo de fractura debido a la normalización de los niveles de glucemia.

Palabras clave
fractura, diabetes, osteoporosis


Artículo completo

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Abstract
Besides the well-known complications of diabetes such as retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy and arteriosclerosis, osteoporosis and increased fracture risk is also a complication of diabetes. The pathogenesis of osteoporosis and fractures in patients with diabetes is complex. An increased risk of falls due to impaired vision with retinopathy, altered postural balance with neuropathy and arteriosclerosis, and episodes of hypoglycaemia may contribute to falls and fractures. Reduced bone mineral density is related to many factors. One is increased calcium excretion in the urine linked to forced excretion of calcium due to hyperglycaemia and glucosuria. Vitamin D and PTH metabolism may be disturbed with functional hypoparathyroidism and a decreased level of 24,25-dihydroxy vitamin D. The impaired vitamin D and PTH metabolism is particularly prominent in patients with reduced renal function. Microangiopathy may alter endothelial function. Macroangiopathy with arteriosclerosis may lead to a decreased blood supply to the bones. Altered load to the bones in patients with neuropathy may also contribute to bone loss. Glycation with impaired cross linking of collagen and decreased osteoblast function due to formation of age related glycation end products (AGE) may also be involved along with alterations in insulin and IGF-I levels. The increased body weight seen in many patients with type 2 diabetes may increase BMD and be preventive of fractures. Treatment with insulin and oral antidiabetic medication may lower fracture risk due to normalisation of blood glucose levels.

Key words
diabetes, osteoporosis, fracture


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Especialidades
Principal: Diabetología
Relacionadas: Bioquímica, Medicina Interna, Osteoporosis y Osteopatías Médicas



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Enviar correspondencia a:
Peter Vestergaard, The Osteoporosis Clinic, Aarhus Amtssygehus, Aarhus University Hospital, DK-8000, Tage Hansens gade 2, Aarhus C, Dinamarca
Patrocinio y reconocimiento:
A la bibliotecaria Edith Clausen por su asistencia técnica con las referencias.
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