ACTUALIZACION EN QUELANTES DE FOSFATO LIBRES DE CALCIO

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La hipercalcemia y la supresión marcada de la síntesis de la hormona paratiroidea constituyen reacciones adversas frecuentes asociadas a los quelantes de fosfato que contienen calcio. Aunque el acetato de calcio parece tener menos efectos deletéreos sobre estos parámetros, en la actualidad, la atención se centra en la producción de quelantes de fosfatos libres de calcio.
loghmanadham9.jpg Autor:
Mahmoud Loghman-adham
Columnista Experto de SIIC

Institución:
Robert Wood Johnson Medical School


Artículos publicados por Mahmoud Loghman-adham
Recepción del artículo
18 de Octubre, 2005
Aprobación
9 de Diciembre, 2005
Primera edición
20 de Abril, 2006
Segunda edición, ampliada y corregida
7 de Junio, 2021

Resumen
La retención de fosfatos y la hiperfosfatemia son complicaciones frecuentes de la etapa terminal de la enfermedad renal. Los trastornos del metabolismo del calcio y del fósforo contribuyen al aumento de la mortalidad cardiovascular en esta población de pacientes. Los quelantes de fosfato son prescritos frecuentemente para controlar la retención de estas moléculas. La hipercalcemia y la supresión marcada de la síntesis de la hormona paratiroidea constituyen reacciones adversas frecuentes asociadas a los quelantes de fosfato que contienen calcio. Aunque el acetato de calcio parece tener menos efectos deletéreos sobre estos parámetros, en la actualidad, la atención se centra en la producción de quelantes de fosfatos libres de calcio. El clorhidrato de sevelamer, una resina de intercambio iónico, fue el primer quelante de fosfato en ser aprobado para los enfermos en etapas terminales de enfermedad renal. Disminuye los niveles de fosfatos y la síntesis de hormona paratiroidea sin inducir hipercalcemia. Además, resulta beneficioso al reducir los niveles del colesterol total y de lipoproteínas de baja densidad. Estudios recientes mostraron que el tratamiento con sevelamer se asoció con la estabilización de las calcificaciones de las arterias coronarias y que los quelantes de fosfato que contienen calcio pueden promover la progresión de estas calcificaciones. Sin embargo, el sevelamer es muy costoso, se precisan dosis relativamente elevadas y podría inducir acidosis metabólica. Recientemente, se aprobó el carbonato de lantano para ser utilizado como quelante de fosfatos. Es tan efectivo como el hidróxido de aluminio y no se asocia con complicaciones neurológicas u óseas. Al igual que el sevelamer, la incidencia observada de hipercalcemia es muy baja. Es generalmente bien tolerado y con reacciones adversas similares al placebo. El colestimide, otra resina de intercambio aniónico, originalmente formulada para el tratamiento de las hiperlipidemias, mostrado ser un quelante de fosfatos efectivo, aunque actualmente no está aprobado como tal.

Palabras clave
Calcio, enfermedad renal crónica, fósforo, calcificación vascular


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Abstract
Phosphate retention and hyperphosphatemia are common complications of end stage renal disease. Disorders of calcium and phosphate metabolism contribute to the increased cardiovascular mortality in this patient population. Phosphate binders are commonly prescribed to control phosphate retention. Hypercalcemia and over-suppression of parathyroid hormone production are common adverse reactions associated with the use of calcium-containing phosphate binders. Although calcium acetate appears to have less deleterious effects on these parameters, the current emphasis has been on the development of calcium and aluminum-free phosphate binders. Sevelamer hydrochloride, an ion exchange resin, was the first such phosphate binder approved for use in patients with end stage renal disease. It can reduce serum phosphorus levels and parathyroid hormone production without inducing hypercalcemia. It also has the added benefit of reducing total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Recent studies have shown that sevelamer treatment is associated with stabilization of coronary artery calcifications, while calcium-containing phosphate binders may lead to progression of coronary artery calcification. Disadvantages of sevelamer are its high cost, need for relatively high doses, and the possible induction of metabolic acidosis. Lanthanum carbonate was recently approved for use as a phosphate binder. It is as effective as aluminum hydroxide without neurological or bone-related complications. Like sevelamer, it results in much lower incidence of hypercalcemia. It is generally well tolerated with adverse reactions similar to placebo. Colestimide, another anion exchange resin, originally developed to treat hyperlipidemia, has been found to be an effective phosphate binder. It is not currently approved for use as a phosphate binder.

Key words
Calcium, chronic kidney disease, phosphorus, vascular calcification


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Especialidades
Principal: Endocrinología y Metabolismo
Relacionadas: Bioquímica, Medicina Interna, Osteoporosis y Osteopatías Médicas



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