EL IMPACTO DEL TRATAMIENTO DE LA ENCEFALOPATIA HEPATICA MINIMA EN EL PRONOSTICO A LARGO PLAZO

(especial para SIIC © Derechos reservados)
La encefalopatía hepática mínima (EHm) afecta del 30% al 50% de los pacientes cirróticos. Su detección es esencial por su relación con la encefalopatía hepática clínica, la alteración de la habilidad para conducir, el mayor riesgo de caídas, la alteración de la calidad de vida, la progresión más acelerada de la cirrosis y la supervivencia.      
Autor:
Manuel Romero-gomez
Columnista Experto de SIIC

Institución:
Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío


Artículos publicados por Manuel Romero-gomez
Coautores
Javier Ampuero* Carmen Sendra** 
Médico, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, España*
Médica, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, España**
Recepción del artículo
21 de Noviembre, 2017
Aprobación
18 de Julio, 2018
Primera edición
23 de Julio, 2018
Segunda edición, ampliada y corregida
17 de Septiembre, 2024

Resumen
La encefalopatía hepática mínima (EHm) afecta del 30% al 50% de los pacientes cirróticos. Su detección es esencial por su relación con la encefalopatía hepática clínica, la alteración de la habilidad para conducir, el mayor riesgo de caídas, la alteración de la calidad de vida, la progresión más acelerada de la cirrosis y la supervivencia. A pesar de la información fidedigna de su relevancia clínica, pronóstica y social, la detección de EHm no está generalizada en la práctica clínica. El espectro de la encefalopatía hepática engloba diversas alteraciones de las funciones cerebrales, por lo que se requiere realizar más de un test para su diagnóstico. Además, las alteraciones iniciales difieren de un paciente a otro. Esto ha dificultado el desarrollo de una estrategia diagnóstica universal. Como resultado, no disponemos de datos suficientes para generar recomendaciones basadas en la evidencia del impacto del tratamiento de la EHm en la calidad de vida y la supervivencia, así como de su rentabilidad. Por lo tanto, las guías clínicas actuales sugieren que se evalúe la EHm cuando se afecta la calidad de vida de los pacientes, ya que no se conocen las consecuencias del tamizaje. Las terapias reductoras de amonio se consideran la piedra angular del tratamiento de la EHm. Los disacáridos no absorbibles, la rifaximina y, más recientemente, los probióticos, han mostrado efectos beneficiosos. Se necesitan más ensayos controlados con placebo para evaluar la eficacia, seguridad y rentabilidad de los regímenes de tratamiento disponibles para evaluar el impacto del tratamiento de la EHm en el pronóstico a largo plazo de estos pacientes.

Palabras clave
cirrosis, lactulosa, encefalopatía hepática mínima, tests neurofisiológicos, probióticos, tests psicométricos, rifaximina


Artículo completo

(castellano)
Extensión:  +/-7.11 páginas impresas en papel A4
Exclusivo para suscriptores/assinantes

Abstract
Minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE) affects up to 30-50% of cirrhotic patients. The detection of MHE is essential because of its relationship with overt hepatic encephalopathy, impairment of motor vehicle driving abilities, higher risk of falls, quality of life impairment, faster cirrhosis progression and survival. Despite the robust evidence regarding its clinical, prognostic and social relevance, MHE testing is not widespread in routine clinical care. Hepatic encephalopathy spectrum covers various alterations in complex brain functions, requiring more than one test to be quantified. In addition, initial disturbances differ from one patient to another. All this has made it difficult to develop a universal diagnostic strategy. As a consequence, there is a lack of available robust data in the literature to generate evidence-based recommendations related to the impact of MHE treatment on quality of life and survival of these patients, as well as on cost-effectiveness. Therefore, current clinical guidelines suggest MHE testing only when patients have problems with their quality of life, since consequences of the screening procedure are still unclear. Ammonia lowering therapies have been considered the cornerstone of MHE treatment. Beneficial effects of non-absorbable disaccharides (lactulose or lactitol), rifaximin and more recently, probiotics have been reported. Further placebo-controlled trials are needed to assess the efficacy, safety, and cost-effectiveness of available treatment regimes to evaluate the impact of MHE treatment on the long-term prognosis of these patients.

Key words
minimal hepatic encephalopathy, cirrhosis, psychometric tests, neurophysiological tests, lactulose, rifaximin, probiotics


Clasificación en siicsalud
Artículos originales > Expertos de Iberoamérica >
página   www.siicsalud.com/des/expertocompleto.php/

Especialidades
Principal: Gastroenterología, Neurología
Relacionadas: Farmacología, Medicina Farmacéutica, Medicina Interna, Trasplantes



Comprar este artículo
Extensión: 7.11 páginas impresas en papel A4

file05.gif (1491 bytes) Artículos seleccionados para su compra



Enviar correspondencia a:
Manuel Romero-Gomez, 41013, Avenida Manuel Siurot s/n,, Sevilla, España
Bibliografía del artículo
1. Schomers H, Hamster W. Quality of life in cirrhotics with minimal hepatic encephalopathy. Metab Brain Dis 16:37-41, 2001.
2. Bajaj JS, Riggio O, Allampati S, et al. Cognitive dysfunction is associated with poor socioeconomic status in patients with cirrhosis: an international multicenter study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 11:1511-1516, 2013.
3. Bajaj JS, Wade JB, Gibson DP, et al. The multi-dimensional burden of cirrhosis and hepatic encephalopathy on patients and caregivers. Am J Gastroenterol 106:1646-1653, 2011.
4. Soriano G, Román E, Córdoba J, et al. Cognitive dysfunction in cirrhosis is associated with falls: a prospective study. Hepatology 55:1922-1930, 2012.
5. Bajaj JS, Saeian K, Schubert CM, et al. Minimal hepatic encephalopathy is associated with motor vehicle crashes: the reality beyond the driving test. Hepatology 50:1175-1183, 2009.
6. Romero-Gómez M, Boza F, García-Valdecasas MS, et al. Subclinical hepatic encephalopathy predicts the development of overt hepatic encephalopathy. Am J Gastroenterol 96:2718-2723, 2001.
7. Romero-Gómez M, Grande L, Camacho I et al. Altered response to oral glutamine challenge as prognostic factor for overt episodes in patients with minimal hepatic encephalopathy. J Hepatol 37:781-787, 2002.
8. Romero-Gómez M, Montagnese S, Jalan R. Hepatic encephalopathy in patients with acute decompensation of cirrhosis and acute-on-chronic liver failure. J Hepatol 62:437-447, 2015.
9. Ampuero J, Simón M, Montoliú C, et al. Minimal hepatic encephalopathy and critical flicker frequency are associated with survival of patients with cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 149:1483-1489, 2015.
10. Ampuero J, Montoliú C, Simón-Talero M et al. Minimal hepatic encephalopathy identifies patients at risk of faster cirrhosis progression. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017 (in press).
11. Romero-Gómez M, Córdoba J, Jover R, et al. Value of the critical flicker frequency in patients with minimal hepatic encephalopathy. Hepatology 45:879-885, 2007.
12. Giménez-Garzó C, Garcés JJ, Urios A, et al. The PHES battery does not detect all cirrhotic patients with early neurological deficits, which are different in different patients. PLoSOne 12:e0171211, 2017.
13. Vilstrup H, Amodio P, Bajaj J, et al. Hepatic encephalopathy in chronic liver disease: 2014 practice guideline by the European Association for the Study of the Liver and the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. J Hepatol 61:642-659, 2014.
14. Romero-Gómez M, Córdoba J, Jover R, et al. Red Nacional de Investigacion en EncefalopatiaHepatica. Normality tables in the Spanish population for psychometric tests used in the diagnosis of minimal hepatic encephalopathy. Med Clin 127:246-249, 2006.
15. De Rui M, Montagnese S, Amodio P. Recent developments in the diagnosis and treatment of covert/minimal hepatic encephalopathy. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 10:443-450, 2016.
16. Allampati S, Duarte-Rojo A, Thacker LR, et al. Diagnosis of minimal hepatic encephalopathy using Stroop Encephal App: A multicenter US-based, norm-based study. Am J Gastroenterol 111:78-86, 2016.
17. Bajaj JS, Hafeezullah M, Franco J, et al. Inhibitory control test for the diagnosis of minimal hepatic encephalopathy. Gastroenterology 135:1591-1600, 2008.
18. Guerit JM, Amantini A, Fischer C, et al. Neurophysiological investigations of hepatic encephalopathy: ISHEN practice guidelines. Liver Int 29:789-796, 2009.
19. Romero-Gómez M, Ampuero J. Deciphering the spectrum of low-grade hepatic encephalopathy in clinical practice. Gastroenterology 146:887-890, 2014.
20. Campagna F, Montagnese S, Ridola L, et al. The animal naming test: An easy tool for the assessment of hepatic encephalopathy. Hepatology 66:198-208, 2017.
21. Torlot FJ, McPhail MJ, Taylor-Robinson SD. Meta-analysis: The diagnostic accuracy of critical flicker frequency in minimal hepatic encephalopathy. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 37:527-536, 2013.
22. Bajaj JS, Etemadian A, Hafeezullah M, et al. Testing for minimal hepatic encephalopathy in the United States: An AASLD survey. Hepatology 45:833-834, 2007.
23. Amodio P, Bemeur C, Butterworth R, et al. The nutritional management of hepatic encephalopathy in patients with cirrhosis: international society for hepatic encephalopathy and nitrogen metabolism consensus. Hepatology 58:325-336, 2013.
24. Romero-Gómez M. Pharmacotherapy of hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhosis. Expert Opin Pharmacother 11:1317-1327, 2010.
25. McClain CJ, Potter TJ, Kromhout JP, et al. The effect of lactulose on psychomotor performance tests in alcoholic cirrhotics without overt hepatic encephalopathy. J Clin Gastroenterol 6:325-329, 1984.
26. Morgan MY, Alonso M, Stanger LC. Lactitol and lactulose for the treatment of subclinical hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhotic patients. A randomized cross-over study. J Hepatol 8:208-217, 1989.
27. Watanabe A, Sakai T, Sato S, et al. Clinical efficacy of lactulose in cirrhotic patients with and without subclinical hepatic encephalopathy. Hepatology 26:1410-1414, 1997.
28. Horsmans Y, Solbreux PM, Daenens C, et al. Lactulose improves psychometric testing in cirrhotic patients with subclinical encephalopathy. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 11:165-170, 1997.
29. Li Z, Zhang H, Hong Y. Clinical effect of lactulose in the treatment of subclinical hepatic encephalopathy. Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi 9:13-15, 1999.
30. Dhiman RK, Sawhney MS, Chawla YK, et al. Efficacy of lactulose in cirrhotic patients with subclinical hepatic encephalopathy. Dig Dis Sci 45:1549-1552, 2000.
31. Xing Q, Liu L. Research of lactulose in the treatment of minimal hepatic encephalopathy. World Chinese Journal of Digestion 11:108-109, 2003.
32. Zeng Z, Li YY. Effect of lactulose treatment on the course of subclinical hepatic encephalopathy. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi 83:1126-1129, 2003.
33. Prasad S, Dhiman RK, Duseja A, et al. Lactulose improves cognitive functions and health-related quality of life in patients with cirrhosis who have minimal hepatic encephalopathy. Hepatology 45:549-559, 2007.
34. Mittal VV, Sharma BC, Sharma P, et al. A randomized controlled trial comparing lactulose, probiotics and L-ornithine L-aspartate in treatment of minimal hepatic encephalopathy. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 23:725-732, 2011.
35. Jain L, Sharma BC, Srivastava S, et al. Serum endotoxin, inflammatory mediators, and magnetic resonance spectroscopy before and after treatment in patients with minimal hepatic encephalopathy. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 28:1187-1193, 2013.
36. Yao C, Huang G, Wang M, et al. Chinese herbal medicine formula Jieduhuayu granules improves cognitive and neurophysiological functions in patients with cirrhosis who have minimal hepatic encephalopathy: a randomized controlled trial. Complement Ther Med 22:977-985, 2014.
37. Ziada DH, Soliman HH, El Yamany SA, et al. Can Lactobacillus acidophilus improve minimal hepatic encephalopathy? A neurometabolite study using magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Arab J Gastroenterol 14:116-122, 2013.
38. Luo M, Li L, Lu CZ, et al. Clinical efficacy and safety of lactulose for minimal hepatic encephalopathy: a meta-analysis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 23:1250-1257, 2011.
39. Gluud LL, Vilstrup H, Morgan MY. Nonabsorbable disaccharides for hepatic encephalopathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hepatology 64:908-922, 2016.
40. Moratalla A, Ampuero J, Bellot P, et al. Lactulose reduces bacterial DNA translocation, which worsens neurocognitive shape in cirrhotic patients with minimal hepatic encephalopathy. Liver Int 37:212-223, 2017.
41. Goyal O, Sidhu SS, Kishore H. Minimal hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhosis- how long to treat? Ann Hepatol 16:115-122, 2017.
42. Sharma P, Sharma BC, Sarin SK. Predictors of nonresponse to lactulose for minimal hepatic encephalopathy in patients with cirrhosis. Liver Int 29:1365-1371, 2009.
43. Sharma BC, Sharma P, Lunia MK, et al. A randomized, double-blind, controlled trial comparing rifaximin plus lactulose with lactulose alone in treatment of overt hepatic encephalopathy. Am J Gastroenterol 108:1458-1463, 2013.
44. Sidhu SS, Goyal O, Mishra BP, et al. Rifaximin improves psychometric performance and health-related quality of life in patients with minimal hepatic encephalopathy (the RIME Trial). Am J Gastroenterol 106:307-316, 2011.
45. Bajaj JS, Heuman DM, Wade JB, et al. Rifaximin improves driving simulator performance in a randomized trial of patients with minimal hepatic encephalopathy. Gastroenterology 140:478-487, 2011.
46. Bajaj JS, Pinkerton SD, Sanyal AJ, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of minimal hepatic encephalopathy to prevent motor vehicle accidents: a cost-effectiveness analysis. Hepatology 55:1164-1171, 2012.
47. Sidhu SS, Goyal O, Parker RA et al. Rifaximin vs. lactulose in treatment of minimal hepatic encephalopathy. Liver Int 36:378-385, 2016.
48. Liu Q, Duan ZP, Ha DK, et al. Synbiotic modulation of gut flora: effect on minimal hepatic encephalopathy in patients with cirrhosis. Hepatology 39:1441-1449, 2004.
49. Bajaj JS, Saeian K, Christensen KM, et al. Probiotic yogurt for the treatment of minimal hepatic encephalopathy. Am J Gastroenterol 103:1707-1715, 2008.
50. Mittal VV, Sharma BC, Sharma P, et al. A randomized controlled trial comparing lactulose, probiotics, and L-ornithine L-aspartate in treatment of minimal hepatic encephalopathy. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 23:725-732, 2011.
51. Saji S, Kumar S, Thomas V. A randomized double blind placebo controlled trial of probiotics in minimal hepatic encephalopathy. Trop Gastroenterol 32:128-132, 2011.
52. Bajaj JS, Heuman DM, Hylemon PB, et al. Randomised clinical trial: Lactobacillus GG modulates gut microbiome, metabolome and endotoxemia in patients with cirrhosis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 39:1113-1125, 2014.
53. Lunia MK, Sharma BC, Sharma P, et al. Probiotics prevent hepatic encephalopathy in patients with cirrhosis: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 12:1003-1008, 2014.
54. Shavakhi A, Hashemi H, Tabesh E, et al. Multistrain probiotic and lactulose in the treatment of minimal hepatic encephalopathy. J Res Med Sci 19:703-708, 2014.
55. Xia X, Chen J, Xia J, et al. Role of probiotics in the treatment of minimal hepatic encephalopathy in patients with HBV-induced liver cirrhosis. J Int Med Res 2018; doi: 10.1177/0300060518776064 (in press).
56. Pratap Mouli V, Benjamin J, Bhushan Singh M, et al. Effect of probiotic VSL#3 in the treatment of minimal hepatic encephalopathy: A non-inferiority randomized controlled trial. Hepatol Res 45:880-889, 2015.
57. Zhao LN, Yu T, Lan SY, et al. Probiotics can improve the clinical outcomes of hepatic encephalopathy: An update meta-analysis. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 39:674-682, 2015.
58. Saab S, Suraweera D, Au J, et al. Probiotics are helpful in hepatic encephalopathy: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. Liver Int 36:986-993, 2016.
59. Dalal R, McGee RG, Riordan SM, et al. Probiotics for people with hepatic encephalopathy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2:CD008716, 2017.
60. Cao Q, Yu CB, Yang SG et al. Effect of probiotic treatment on cirrhotic patients with minimal hepatic encephalopathy: A meta-analysis. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 17:9-16, 2018.

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Está expresamente prohibida la redistribución y la redifusión de todo o parte de los contenidos de la Sociedad Iberoamericana de Información Científica (SIIC) S.A. sin previo y expreso consentimiento de SIIC.
ua31618
Inicio/Home

Copyright siicsalud © 1997-2024 ISSN siicsalud: 1667-9008