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UN SISTEMA CEREBRAL DISTRIBUIDO PARA LA TOMA DE DECISIONES

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Revisión sobre la investigación reciente acerca de los mecanismos cerebrales de toma de decisiones a partir de trabajos que emplean la Iowa Gambling Task y tareas relacionadas, llevada a cabo en pacientes con lesión cerebral o sin ella mediante neuroimágenes funcionales.
Autor:
José m. Martínez selva
Columnista Experto de SIIC

Institución:
Universidad de Murcia


Artículos publicados por José m. Martínez selva
Coautores
Juan P. Sánchez Navarro* Antoine Bechara** 
Doctor en Psicología, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, España*
Ph D, University of Southern California, California, EE.UU.**
Recepción del artículo
13 de Noviembre, 2008
Aprobación
28 de Diciembre, 2008
Primera edición
16 de Marzo, 2009
Segunda edición, ampliada y corregida
7 de Junio, 2021

Resumen
Se revisa la investigación reciente sobre los mecanismos cerebrales de la toma de decisiones a partir de los trabajos que emplean la Iowa Gambling Task y tareas relacionadas, llevada a cabo en pacientes con lesión cerebral y en controles normales mediante neuroimágenes funcionales. Estos estudios muestran que la corteza prefrontal ventromedial y su sector orbital, especialmente en el hemisferio derecho, participan de forma crucial en la toma de decisiones. Sin embargo, las lesiones en la corteza prefrontal dorsolateral y en otras regiones cerebrales también la perjudican. Así, otras estructuras que desempeñan un papel relevante son la corteza cingulada anterior, relacionada con la anticipación y selección de la conducta a realizar; la corteza insular, asociada a la asignación de valor afectivo a las señales somáticas que forman parte de la anticipación de las consecuencias afectivas de las decisiones; la amígdala, que interviene en un sistema de alerta ante estímulos significativos, particularmente de carga afectiva negativa, y el estriado ventral, cuando se espera un estímulo reforzante. Así pues, puede hablarse de un sistema cerebral distribuido que interviene de forma dinámica en los procesos de toma de decisiones.

Palabras clave
corteza prefrontal, emoción, Iowa Gambling Task, lesión cerebral, toma de decisiones


Artículo completo

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Abstract
Recent research on brain mechanisms in decision making is reviewed from studies using the Iowa Gambling Task and similar ones with patients suffering from brain lesions and in normal controls with functional neuroimaging. These studies show that the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and its orbital sector, especially in the right hemisphere play a crucial role in decision-making. However, lesions of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and other brain regions will also interfere with the task. Thus, other structures which perform an important role are the anterior cingulate cortex, which is related to anticipation and behaviour choice, the insular cortex, associated to assigning affective values to somatic signals which are a part of anticipation of the affective consequences of decisions, the amygdala, which intervenes in an alert system in response to significant stimuli, particularly those with a negative affective load, and the ventral striatum, when a reinforcing stimulus is expected. We can, therefore, talk about a distributed brain system which intervenes dynamically in decision-making processes.

Key words
brain lesion, decision making, emotion, Iowa Gambling Task, prefrontal cortex


Clasificación en siicsalud
Artículos originales > Expertos de Iberoamérica >
página   www.siicsalud.com/des/expertocompleto.php/

Especialidades
Principal: Salud Mental
Relacionadas: Diagnóstico por Imágenes, Neurología



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Enviar correspondencia a:
José M. Martínez Selva, Universidad de Murcia Departamento de Anatomía Humana y Psicobiología, 30100, Campus de Espinardo, Murcia, España
Bibliografía del artículo

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