- Brugger P, Regard M, Landis T, Krebs D, Niederberger J (1994b) Coincidences: who can say how "meaningful" they are In EW Cook & DL Delanoy (eds.) Research in Parapsychology 1991, Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press. ­7É3 - Chapman LJ and Chapman JP (1973) Disordered thought in schizophrenia. Englewood Cliffs (NJ): Prentice Hall.- Chapman LJ and Chapman JP (1985) Psychosis proneness. In Alpert M (Ed.), Controversies in schizophrenia: changes and constancies. New York: Guilford Press (pp. 157-174).- Chiarello C, Richards L (1992) Another look at categorical priming in the cerebral hemispheres. Neuropsychologia, 30, 381-392.- Duch„ne A, Graves RE, Brugger P (1998) Schizotypal thinking and associative processing: a response commonality analysis of verbal fluency. Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, 23, 56-60.Eckblad M, Chapman L (1983) Magical ideation as an indicator of schizotypy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 51, 215-225.- Gianotti L, Mohr C, Pizzagalli D, Lehmann D, Brugger P (1999) The relativity of creativity. Associative processing and paranormal belief. Manuscript under review.- Hagoort P, Brown CM, Swaab TY (1996) Lexical-semantic event-related potential effects in patients with left hemisphere lesions and aphasia, and patients with right hemisphere lesions without aphasia. Brain, 119, 627-649.- Harvey SA, Nelson E, Haller JW, Early TS (1993) Lateralized attentional abnormality in schizophrenia is correlated with severity of symptoms. Biological Psychiatry, 33, 93-99.- Hines T (1991) The myth of right hemisphere creativity. Journal of Creative Behavior, 25, 223-227.- Kiefer M, Weisbrod M, Kern I, Maier S, Spitzer M (1998) Right hemisphere activation during indirect semantic priming: evidence from event-related potentials. Brain and Language, 64, 377-408.- Leonhard D, Brugger P (1998) Creative, paranormal, and delusional thought: a consequence of right hemisphere semantic activation Neuropsychiatry, Neuropsychology, and Behavioral Neurology, 11, 177-183.- Mohr C, Röhrenbach C, Laska M, Brugger P (1999) Unilateral olfactory perception and magical ideation. Manuscript under review.- Nakagawa A (1991) Role of anterior and posterior attention networks in hemispheric asymmetries during lexical decisions. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 3, 313-321.- Pizzagalli D, Lehmann D, Brugger P (in press) Lateralized direct and indirect semantic priming effects in subjects with paranormal experiences and beliefs. Psychopathology.- Rodel M, Cook ND, Regard M, Landis T (1992) Hemispheric dissociation in judging semantic relations: complementarity for close and distant associates. Brain and Language, 43, 448-459.- Shenton ME, Kikinis R, Jolesz FA, Pollak S, LeMay M, Wible CG, Hokama H, Martin J, Metcalf D, Coleman M, McCarley RW (1992) Abnormalities of the left temporal lobe and thought disorder in schizophrenia. New England Journal of Medicine, 327, 604-612.- Spitzer M (1997) A cognitive neuroscience view of schizophrenic thought disorder. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 23, 29-50.- Spitzer M, Braun U, Hermle L, Maier S (1993) Associative semantic network dysfunction in thought-disordered schizophrenic patients: direct evidence from indirect semantic priming. Biological P Psychiatry, 34, 864-877. ­7É3 - Strickland LH, Lewicki RJ, Katz AM (1966) Temporal orientation and perceived control as determinants of risk-taking. Journal of Experimental and Social Psychology, 2, 143-151.- Taylor KI, Zäch P, Brugger P (1999) Why is magical thinking related to leftward deviation on an implicit line bisection task Manuscript under review.- Weisbrod M, Maier S, Harig S, Himmelsbach U, Spitzer M (1998) Lateralized direct and indirect semantic priming effects in people with schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry, 172, 142-146.
pueden estar semánticamente (B) no relacionadas, ( directamente relacionadas o (D) indirectamente relacionadas. Resultados semánticos directos e indirectos se expresan para los dos campos/hemiferios visuales separadamente como la diferencia entre la latencia de las respuestas a palabras no relacionadas y a palabras relacionadas indirectamente o directamente, respectivamente. Nótese que las palabras mediadoras en el caso D comprenden «vaso» y «botella»; se entiende que, con la aparición de las palabras «taza» y «cerveza», los significados de las palabras mediadoras se coactivan automáticamente, y que la magnitud (el curso temporal) de esta coactivación determina el tamaño del resultado indirecto primario. (PEGOTES FIGURA 2)A TAZA Palabra primaria central TAZA 100 ms ­7É3 RALB Palabra sin sentido RALB lateralizadaBTAZA Palabra primaria central TAZA 100 ms TECHO Palabra no relacionada TECHO lateralizada CTAZA Palabra primaria central TAZA 100 msTE Palabra lateralizada TE directamente relacionada DTAZA Palabra primaria central TAZA 100 msCERVEZA Palabra lateralizada CERVEZA indirectamente relacionada******************************************************1 Parte de este trabajo se planeó en colaboración con el KEY-Institute for Brain-Mind Research (Prof. Dietrich Lehmann, Zurich) y la Universidad de Victoria, Canadá (Prof. Roger E. Graves, Dept. of Psychology). Agradecemos los fondos proporcionados por la Swiss National Science Foundation, la Swiss Academy of Medical Sciences, la Canadian Natural Sciences and Engeneering Research Council y el Institut fÜr Grenzgebiete der Psychologie und Psychohygiene, Freiburg (Alemania).Bibliografía- Beeman M, Friedman RB, Grafman J, Perez E, Diamond S, Lindsay MB (1994) Summation priming and coarse semantic coding in the right hemisphere. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 6, 26-45.- Blackmore S, Moore R (1994) Seeing things: visual recognition and belief in the paranormal. European Journal of Parapsychology, 10, 91-103.- Blackmore S, Troscianko T (1985) Belief in the paranormal: probability judgments, illusory control, and the "chance baseline shift". British Journal of Psychology, 76, 459-468. ­7É3 - Bottini G, Corcoran R, Sterzi R, Paulesu E, Schenone P, Scarpa P, Frackowiak RSJ, Frith CD (1994) The role of the right hemisphere in the interpretation of figurative aspects of language. A positron emission tomography activation study. Brain, 117, 1241-1253.- Bracha HS, Livingstone RL, Clothier J, Linington BB, Karson CN (1993) Correlation of severity of psychiatric patients\' delusions with right hemispatial inattention (left-turning behavior). American Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 330-332. - Brownell HH, Simpson TL, Bihrle AM, Potter HH, Gardner H (1990) Appreciation of metaphoric alternative word meanings by left and right brain-damaged patients. Neuropsychologia, 28, 375-383.- Bruder G, Kayser J, Tenke C, Amador X, Friedman M, Sharif Z, Gorman J (1999). Left temporal lobe dysfunction in schizophrenia: event-related potential and behavioral evidence from phonetic and tonal dichotic listening tasks. Archives of General Psychiatry, 56, 267-76.- Brugger P (1992) Subjektiver Zufall: Implikationen für Neuropsychologie und Parapsychologie. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, University of Zurich (Institute for Zoology).- Brugger P (1997) Variables that influence the generation of random sequences. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 84, 627-661.- Brugger P, Dowdy MA, Graves RE (1994a) From superstitious behavior to delusional thinking: the role of the hippocampus in misattributions of causality. Medical Hypotheses, 43, 397-402.- Brugger P, Gamma A, Muri R, Schäfer M, Taylor KI (1993a) Functional hemispheric asymmetry and belief in ESP: towards a "neuropsychology of belief". Perceptual and Motor Skills, 77, 577-578.- Brugger P, Graves RE (1997a) Testing vs. Believing hypotheses: magical ideation in the judgment of contingencies. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 2, 251-272.- Brugger P, Graves RE (1997b) Right hemispatial inattention and magical ideation. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 247, 55-57.- Brugger P, Graves RE (1998) Seeing connections: associative processing as a function of magical belief. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 4, 6.- Brugger P, Landis T, Regard M (1990) A "sheep-goat effect" in repetition avoidance: Extra-Sensory Perception as an Effect of Subjective Probability British Journal of Psychology, 81, 455-468.- Brugger P, Regard M, Landis T (1991) Belief in extrasensory perception and illusory control: a replication. Journal of Psychology, 125, 501-502.- Brugger P, Regard M, Landis T, Cook N, Krebs D, Niederberger J (1993b) "Meaningful" patterns in visual noise: effects of lateral stimulation and the observer\'s belief in ESP. Psychopathology, 26, 261-265.- Brugger P, Regard M, Landis T, Graves RE (1995) The roots of meaningful coincidence. Lancet, 345, 1306-1307.- Brugger P, Regard M, Landis T, Krebs D, Niederberger J (1994b) Coincidences: who can say how "meaningful" they are In EW Cook & DL Delanoy (eds.) Research in Parapsychology 1991, Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press. ­7É3 - Chapman LJ and Chapman JP (1973) Disordered thought in schizophrenia. Englewood Cliffs (NJ): Prentice Hall.- Chapman LJ and Chapman JP (1985) Psychosis proneness. In Alpert M (Ed.), Controversies in schizophrenia: changes and constancies. New York: Guilford Press (pp. 157-174).- Chiarello C, Richards L (1992) Another look at categorical priming in the cerebral hemispheres. Neuropsychologia, 30, 381-392.- Duch„ne A, Graves RE, Brugger P (1998) Schizotypal thinking and associative processing: a response commonality analysis of verbal fluency. Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, 23, 56-60.Eckblad M, Chapman L (1983) Magical ideation as an indicator of schizotypy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 51, 215-225.- Gianotti L, Mohr C, Pizzagalli D, Lehmann D, Brugger P (1999) The relativity of creativity. Associative processing and paranormal belief. Manuscript under review.- Hagoort P, Brown CM, Swaab TY (1996) Lexical-semantic event-related potential effects in patients with left hemisphere lesions and aphasia, and patients with right hemisphere lesions without aphasia. Brain, 119, 627-649.- Harvey SA, Nelson E, Haller JW, Early TS (1993) Lateralized attentional abnormality in schizophrenia is correlated with severity of symptoms. Biological Psychiatry, 33, 93-99.- Hines T (1991) The myth of right hemisphere creativity. Journal of Creative Behavior, 25, 223-227.- Kiefer M, Weisbrod M, Kern I, Maier S, Spitzer M (1998) Right hemisphere activation during indirect semantic priming: evidence from event-related potentials. Brain and Language, 64, 377-408.- Leonhard D, Brugger P (1998) Creative, paranormal, and delusional thought: a consequence of right hemisphere semantic activation Neuropsychiatry, Neuropsychology, and Behavioral Neurology, 11, 177-183.- Mohr C, Röhrenbach C, Laska M, Brugger P (1999) Unilateral olfactory perception and magical ideation. Manuscript under review.- Nakagawa A (1991) Role of anterior and posterior attention networks in hemispheric asymmetries during lexical decisions. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 3, 313-321.- Pizzagalli D, Lehmann D, Brugger P (in press) Lateralized direct and indirect semantic priming effects in subjects with paranormal experiences and beliefs. Psychopathology.- Rodel M, Cook ND, Regard M, Landis T (1992) Hemispheric dissociation in judging semantic relations: complementarity for close and distant associates. Brain and Language, 43, 448-459.- Shenton ME, Kikinis R, Jolesz FA, Pollak S, LeMay M, Wible CG, Hokama H, Martin J, Metcalf D, Coleman M, McCarley RW (1992) Abnormalities of the left temporal lobe and thought disorder in schizophrenia. New England Journal of Medicine, 327, 604-612.- Spitzer M (1997) A cognitive neuroscience view of schizophrenic thought disorder. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 23, 29-50.- Spitzer M, Braun U, Hermle L, Maier S (1993) Associative semantic network dysfunction in thought-disordered schizophrenic patients: direct evidence from indirect semantic priming. Biological P Psychiatry, 34, 864-877. ­7É3 - Strickland LH, Lewicki RJ, Katz AM (1966) Temporal orientation and perceived control as determinants of risk-taking. Journal of Experimental and Social Psychology, 2, 143-151.- Taylor KI, Zäch P, Brugger P (1999) Why is magical thinking related to leftward deviation on an implicit line bisection task Manuscript under review.- Weisbrod M, Maier S, Harig S, Himmelsbach U, Spitzer M (1998) Lateralized direct and indirect semantic priming effects in people with schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry, 172, 142-146.
relacionadas o ( indirectamente relacionadas. Resultados semánticos directos e indirectos se expresan para los dos campos/hemiferios visuales separadamente como la diferencia entre la latencia de las respuestas a palabras no relacionadas y a palabras relacionadas indirectamente o directamente, respectivamente. Nótese que las palabras mediadoras en el caso D comprenden «vaso» y «botella»; se entiende que, con la aparición de las palabras «taza» y «cerveza», los significados de las palabras mediadoras se coactivan automáticamente, y que la magnitud (el curso temporal) de esta coactivación determina el tamaño del resultado indirecto primario. (PEGOTES FIGURA 2)A TAZA Palabra primaria central TAZA 100 ms ­7É3 RALB Palabra sin sentido RALB lateralizadaBTAZA Palabra primaria central TAZA 100 ms TECHO Palabra no relacionada TECHO lateralizada CTAZA Palabra primaria central TAZA 100 msTE Palabra lateralizada TE directamente relacionada DTAZA Palabra primaria central TAZA 100 msCERVEZA Palabra lateralizada CERVEZA indirectamente relacionada******************************************************1 Parte de este trabajo se planeó en colaboración con el KEY-Institute for Brain-Mind Research (Prof. Dietrich Lehmann, Zurich) y la Universidad de Victoria, Canadá (Prof. Roger E. Graves, Dept. of Psychology). Agradecemos los fondos proporcionados por la Swiss National Science Foundation, la Swiss Academy of Medical Sciences, la Canadian Natural Sciences and Engeneering Research Council y el Institut fÜr Grenzgebiete der Psychologie und Psychohygiene, Freiburg (Alemania).Bibliografía- Beeman M, Friedman RB, Grafman J, Perez E, Diamond S, Lindsay MB (1994) Summation priming and coarse semantic coding in the right hemisphere. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 6, 26-45.- Blackmore S, Moore R (1994) Seeing things: visual recognition and belief in the paranormal. European Journal of Parapsychology, 10, 91-103.- Blackmore S, Troscianko T (1985) Belief in the paranormal: probability judgments, illusory control, and the "chance baseline shift". British Journal of Psychology, 76, 459-468. ­7É3 - Bottini G, Corcoran R, Sterzi R, Paulesu E, Schenone P, Scarpa P, Frackowiak RSJ, Frith CD (1994) The role of the right hemisphere in the interpretation of figurative aspects of language. A positron emission tomography activation study. Brain, 117, 1241-1253.- Bracha HS, Livingstone RL, Clothier J, Linington BB, Karson CN (1993) Correlation of severity of psychiatric patients\' delusions with right hemispatial inattention (left-turning behavior). American Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 330-332. - Brownell HH, Simpson TL, Bihrle AM, Potter HH, Gardner H (1990) Appreciation of metaphoric alternative word meanings by left and right brain-damaged patients. Neuropsychologia, 28, 375-383.- Bruder G, Kayser J, Tenke C, Amador X, Friedman M, Sharif Z, Gorman J (1999). Left temporal lobe dysfunction in schizophrenia: event-related potential and behavioral evidence from phonetic and tonal dichotic listening tasks. Archives of General Psychiatry, 56, 267-76.- Brugger P (1992) Subjektiver Zufall: Implikationen für Neuropsychologie und Parapsychologie. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, University of Zurich (Institute for Zoology).- Brugger P (1997) Variables that influence the generation of random sequences. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 84, 627-661.- Brugger P, Dowdy MA, Graves RE (1994a) From superstitious behavior to delusional thinking: the role of the hippocampus in misattributions of causality. Medical Hypotheses, 43, 397-402.- Brugger P, Gamma A, Muri R, Schäfer M, Taylor KI (1993a) Functional hemispheric asymmetry and belief in ESP: towards a "neuropsychology of belief". Perceptual and Motor Skills, 77, 577-578.- Brugger P, Graves RE (1997a) Testing vs. Believing hypotheses: magical ideation in the judgment of contingencies. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 2, 251-272.- Brugger P, Graves RE (1997b) Right hemispatial inattention and magical ideation. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 247, 55-57.- Brugger P, Graves RE (1998) Seeing connections: associative processing as a function of magical belief. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 4, 6.- Brugger P, Landis T, Regard M (1990) A "sheep-goat effect" in repetition avoidance: Extra-Sensory Perception as an Effect of Subjective Probability British Journal of Psychology, 81, 455-468.- Brugger P, Regard M, Landis T (1991) Belief in extrasensory perception and illusory control: a replication. Journal of Psychology, 125, 501-502.- Brugger P, Regard M, Landis T, Cook N, Krebs D, Niederberger J (1993b) "Meaningful" patterns in visual noise: effects of lateral stimulation and the observer\'s belief in ESP. Psychopathology, 26, 261-265.- Brugger P, Regard M, Landis T, Graves RE (1995) The roots of meaningful coincidence. Lancet, 345, 1306-1307.- Brugger P, Regard M, Landis T, Krebs D, Niederberger J (1994b) Coincidences: who can say how "meaningful" they are In EW Cook & DL Delanoy (eds.) Research in Parapsychology 1991, Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press. ­7É3 - Chapman LJ and Chapman JP (1973) Disordered thought in schizophrenia. Englewood Cliffs (NJ): Prentice Hall.- Chapman LJ and Chapman JP (1985) Psychosis proneness. In Alpert M (Ed.), Controversies in schizophrenia: changes and constancies. New York: Guilford Press (pp. 157-174).- Chiarello C, Richards L (1992) Another look at categorical priming in the cerebral hemispheres. Neuropsychologia, 30, 381-392.- Duch„ne A, Graves RE, Brugger P (1998) Schizotypal thinking and associative processing: a response commonality analysis of verbal fluency. Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, 23, 56-60.Eckblad M, Chapman L (1983) Magical ideation as an indicator of schizotypy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 51, 215-225.- Gianotti L, Mohr C, Pizzagalli D, Lehmann D, Brugger P (1999) The relativity of creativity. Associative processing and paranormal belief. Manuscript under review.- Hagoort P, Brown CM, Swaab TY (1996) Lexical-semantic event-related potential effects in patients with left hemisphere lesions and aphasia, and patients with right hemisphere lesions without aphasia. Brain, 119, 627-649.- Harvey SA, Nelson E, Haller JW, Early TS (1993) Lateralized attentional abnormality in schizophrenia is correlated with severity of symptoms. Biological Psychiatry, 33, 93-99.- Hines T (1991) The myth of right hemisphere creativity. Journal of Creative Behavior, 25, 223-227.- Kiefer M, Weisbrod M, Kern I, Maier S, Spitzer M (1998) Right hemisphere activation during indirect semantic priming: evidence from event-related potentials. Brain and Language, 64, 377-408.- Leonhard D, Brugger P (1998) Creative, paranormal, and delusional thought: a consequence of right hemisphere semantic activation Neuropsychiatry, Neuropsychology, and Behavioral Neurology, 11, 177-183.- Mohr C, Röhrenbach C, Laska M, Brugger P (1999) Unilateral olfactory perception and magical ideation. Manuscript under review.- Nakagawa A (1991) Role of anterior and posterior attention networks in hemispheric asymmetries during lexical decisions. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 3, 313-321.- Pizzagalli D, Lehmann D, Brugger P (in press) Lateralized direct and indirect semantic priming effects in subjects with paranormal experiences and beliefs. Psychopathology.- Rodel M, Cook ND, Regard M, Landis T (1992) Hemispheric dissociation in judging semantic relations: complementarity for close and distant associates. Brain and Language, 43, 448-459.- Shenton ME, Kikinis R, Jolesz FA, Pollak S, LeMay M, Wible CG, Hokama H, Martin J, Metcalf D, Coleman M, McCarley RW (1992) Abnormalities of the left temporal lobe and thought disorder in schizophrenia. New England Journal of Medicine, 327, 604-612.- Spitzer M (1997) A cognitive neuroscience view of schizophrenic thought disorder. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 23, 29-50.- Spitzer M, Braun U, Hermle L, Maier S (1993) Associative semantic network dysfunction in thought-disordered schizophrenic patients: direct evidence from indirect semantic priming. Biological P Psychiatry, 34, 864-877. ­7É3 - Strickland LH, Lewicki RJ, Katz AM (1966) Temporal orientation and perceived control as determinants of risk-taking. Journal of Experimental and Social Psychology, 2, 143-151.- Taylor KI, Zäch P, Brugger P (1999) Why is magical thinking related to leftward deviation on an implicit line bisection task Manuscript under review.- Weisbrod M, Maier S, Harig S, Himmelsbach U, Spitzer M (1998) Lateralized direct and indirect semantic priming effects in people with schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry, 172, 142-146.

La respuesta correcta se infiere al leer atentamente el trabajo:

EL CEREBRO PARANORMAL. FUNDAMENTOS NEUROPSICOLÓGICOS DE LAS CREENCIAS ESOTÉRICAS Y CONSECUENCIAS PARA EL RAZONAMIENTO CREATIVO Y LA NEUROPSIQUIATRÍA

Programa SIIC  de Eduación Médica Contínua (PEMC-SIIC)